Puerto Rico Firefighters Corps
 | |
| Voluntad y Sacrificio (Willpower and Sacrifice) | |
| Agency overview | |
|---|---|
| Established | May 9, 1942 |
| Employees |
1,715 uniformed 264 civilian |
| Staffing | Career |
| Fire chief | Angel A. Crespo |
| EMS level | BLS |
| Facilities and equipment | |
| Stations | 92 |
| Engines | 140 |
| Trucks |
5 ladders 1 tower |
| Squads | 44 |
| Rescues | 4 |
| Fireboats | 1 |
The Puerto Rico Firefighters Corps —Spanish: Cuerpo de Bomberos de Puerto Rico (CBPR)— is the statewide fire department that provides fire protection, rescue, and protection from other hazards in Puerto Rico. It was established in 1942 under the Puerto Rico Fire Services. In addition, it offers fire protection services to all the airports under the authority of the Puerto Rico Ports Authority, including the Luis Muñoz Marin International Airport, Rafael Hernández Airport, and Mercedita Airport and they serve as crash rescue divisions. A separate agency, the Puerto Rico Medical Emergency Corps, provides emergency medical services to all Puerto Rico.
History
Puerto Rico firefighters have their origins in the southern town of Ponce. In 1823, Spanish Governor Miguel De La Torre, became deeply concerned by a large fire that occurred in Ponce, on February 27, 1820. This fire almost destroyed the town. As a result, it became mandatory for every male between 16 and 60 years to be a volunteer firefighter. Firefighters at this time had to provide their own fire-fighting tools such as picks, shovels, and buckets. Unfortunately, this first fire corps saw its decline once Governor De La Torre left his post.
Another major fire occurred in the Playa de Ponce sector of Ponce in 1845. This moved the Conde de Marisol, ruler of the island at that time, to create a new voluntary fire-fighting organization. In 1862, under the auspices of the mayor of Ponce, Luis Quijano Font, the fire corps was reorganized as The Fire Services and Thomas Cladellas was appointed Fire Chief.
In 1879, the Fire Services reorganized again, this time under the leadership of Ponce architect Juan Bertoly. Finally, Puerto Rico's fire fighting force reorganized in a more permanent manner in 1883 while Maximum Meana was mayor of Ponce. It consisted of 400 firefighters. Its officers were Julio Steinacher, Juan Seix (Senior Chief), Oscar Schuch Oliver (Second Chief), and Fernando M. Toro (Head Brigade and Charge of the Academy of Gymnastics).
On January 25, 1899, Pedro Sabater and Rafael Rivera Esbri, were among a group of firefighters fighting a fire in the U.S. powder magazine barracks, near today's Ponce High School in downtown Ponce. There were stored at that location large quantities of bullets, ammunition, and gunpowder. Had the fire reached thois munition depot, it would had surely destroyed the whole town. These heroes saved the lives of many people and saved the town of a conflagration.
In 1918, the Mayoral brothers built the first motorized pump in Puerto Rico, using the chassis of a Pope Hartford. In 1930, Raul Gándara joined the Ponce Fire Service as Lieutenant; he would later become Puerto Rico's first Fire Chief.
Island-wide fire services
In 1942, the Puerto Rico Legislature passed Act #58 of May 9, 1942, also known as "The Fire Service of Puerto Rico Act", in which the Puerto Rico Insular Fire Services was created. The governor of the island at the time, Rexford Guy Towell selected Raul Gandara as fire chief. Mr. Gandara was, at the time, captain of the Ponce Fire Corps.
Later, in 1953, it was called the Puerto Rico Fire Services, because of the new formed Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. By that time, they were using Mack trucks bought from the United States, specialized for fire extinguishing. On December 9, 1993, Law #58 was amended and it was called until this day as the "Cuerpo de Bomberos de Puerto Rico". On May 12, 2010, Carmen I. Rodriguez Diaz became the first woman in the history of the Cuerpo de Bomberos to become Chief of the CBPR.
Division/Bureaus
The CBPR is divided into different businesses and divisions to get a provide more effective fire protection coverage for the communities. These are:
Fire Prevention Bureau
This program provides firefighting, rescue and emergency and disaster situations, protection from natural disasters and coordinates interaction with other agencies in operations. It also handles emergency calls in situations of accidents, disasters and hazardous materials spill.
As a secondary responsibility to attend the Fire Prevention program acting as a preventive nature, as is the education of young people of school age, "Bomberito" program, guidance on areas and sites of assembly and inspection and elimination of fire hazards and research to determine the origin and causes of these. The 9-1-1 Emergency System, which centralizes emergency calls and faster response to the call of the community. It serves the people in general throughout the island.
Education and Fire Prevention
This program has the responsibility to develop and implement measures to eliminate fire hazards and educate the community about them. It is also responsible for inspecting industrial, commercial, commercial, institutional, residential, educational workshops, stores and meeting places to ensure compliance with the rules and basic requirements of fire prevention. Under Law 148 of 22 December 1994, empowering the charge for inspection services, reading and endorsement of plans as well as community education on preventive measures and use by the Fire Corps of proceeds.
Training Bureau
This program is responsible to train and retrain all members of the Fire Brigade in the latest techniques of fire suppression, prevention, rescue and first aid. This training and retraining program for firefighters and inspectors in the latest fighting techniques and fire prevention. Provides retraining for fire prevention officers and training of employees in private industry. And provides the latest fighting techniques and fire prevention to employees so they are prepared for any emergency. We offer the following courses:
- Use and Management of Fire (Spanish / English)
- Basic Industrial Fire Brigades (Spanish / English)
- Advanced Industrial Fire Brigades (Spanish / English)
General Management and Administration
This program is responsible for planning the work that will fulfill the public policy of the Fire Corps, provisions of its organic law, the Governor's executive orders and other mechanisms to safeguard life and property. It also establishes the procedures to provide management support to implement the planning process and implementation of operational activities of each program. Serves all employees of the Agency to other programs and other government agencies. This program provides accounting, budget, procurement, audit, general services, mail, human resources, information systems, legal, public relations and transportation. This program is located the office of Fire Chief. In establishing this public policy, manages and supports other operational program.
Special Operations Division
The "Division de Operaciones Especiales" (DOE) (Special Operations Division) is responsible for incidents that require specialized equipment or the emergency is one of nivelcritico for the population, such as large-scale fires, fuel spills or hazardous materials, landslides, searching for people in rubble, among others. All 6 Fire Corps zones have a Special Operations Division station. Your staff is chosen not only for their years of service, but also for their physical and mentales. Every member is trained in fire and accident prevention, search for people in debris, use of specialized equipment, hazardous materials, among others.
Organization
The CBPR is divided in various areas. The management area consists of the divisions of Finance and Budget, Purchasing and Supply, Information Systems, Property, General Services and inactive files. The extinction area area consists of six (6) areas and (12) twelve Districts. The area of Prevention consists of the Prevention Inspection divisions and Endorsements, Technical Drawings and Certifications, Fire Research and Education at the Community. These divisions are established within six (6) zones. In the Training Area is the Fire Academy and Fire Volunteers. CBPR chain of command is as follows:
- Fire Chief/Jefe de Bomberos
- Vice-Chief/Jefe Adjunto
- Battalion Commander (Chief of Operational Area)/Comandante del Batallón
- District Chief/Jefe del Distrito
- Station Captain/Estación Capitán
- Lieutenant/Teniente
- Sergeant/Sargento
- Firefighter/Bombero
Ranks
Firefighter
|
Sergeant
|
Lieutenant
|
Captain
|
District Chief
|
Division Chief/ Assistant Deputy Chief
|
Deputy Chief
|
Fire Chief
|
Operational areas
The Puerto Rico Fire Corps was reorganized in Puerto Rico through General Order 98-1. Under it there are six (6) operational areas located in Aguadilla, Arecibo, Carolina, Caguas, Ponce and San Juan. We also, with eleven (11) districts located in: San Juan, Bayamón, Carolina, Rio Piedras, Caguas, Humacao, Ponce, Guayama, Mayagüez, Aguadilla and Arecibo. The districts will respond to 91 fire stations island-wide are also considered additional District Special Operations Division, which performs functions such as fire-rescue and "First Response" with the ambulance service and medical emergencies.
Aguadilla
The Aguadilla Fire Corps area is composed of the districts of Aguadilla and Mayagüez. The district is composed of the stations Aguadilla, Ramey, Aguada, Añasco, San Sebastian, Moca, Rincon and Isabela. It also is composed of the fire divisions of the Ramey Regional Airport and the Aguadilla Special Operations Division or D.O.E. in Spanish. The Mayagüez fire district is composed of the stations of Mayagüez, Las Marias, Maricao, Hormigueros, Cabo Rojo, Boqueron, Lajas, Sabana Grande, San German and the Rosario neighborhood.
Aguadilla Fire District
| Firehouse | Engine Unit | Special Units | Address |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aguadilla District/ D.O.E. | Engine 210 | Ladder Rescue R-55, Rescue R-54 | Severiano Cuevas Ave. #22 |
| Ramey | Engine 211 | #101 Cliff St. (Near Rafael Hernández Regional Airport) | |
| Aguada | Engine 212 | #104 Colón St. (PR-115), Downtown Aguada | |
| Rincon | Engine | Pedro Albizu Campos Ave. (PR-115 km 12.9) | |
| Moca | Engine 215 | Monseñor José Torres St. (Downtown Moca) | |
| Añasco | Engine 231 | Rescue 233 | PR-402 km. 0.0 Downtown Añasco |
| Isabela | Engine | Lorenzo Chico St. | |
| San Sebastian | Engine 216 | #907 Emérito Estrada Ave. |
Mayagüez Fire District
| Firehouse | Engine Unit | Special Units | Address |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mayagüez District | Engine 228, Engine 229 | Mini Engine, Pump Unit, First Response | #50 Nenadich Ave. Downtown Mayagüez |
| Las Marias | Engine | #101 Matías Brugman Ave. | |
| Maricao | Engine | PR-120 km. 22.2 | |
| Hormigueros | Engine | Segundo Ruiz Belvis St. Downtown Hormigueros | |
| Cabo Rojo | Engine | Barbosa St. (on the end) Downtown Cabo Rojo | |
| Boqueron | Engine 96 | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Fire Unit | PR-101 km. 18.6 (next to the PRPD station) |
| Lajas | Engine 243 | #25 Estación St. | |
| Sabana Grande | Engine 236 | #41 San Isidro St. | |
| San German | Engine 241 | Forest Unit | PR-2/ Castro Perez Ave. |
| Poblado Rosario | Engine | Forest Unit | Vicente Ramos Colón St. PR-348 km. 9.0 |
Arecibo
The Arecibo Fire Corps area is composed of the districts of Arecibo and Barceloneta. The district of Arecibo is composed of the stations Arecibo, Camuy, Castaner neighborhood, Lares, Hatillo, Angeles neighborhood, Utuado and Quebradillas. The Barceloneta Fire Corps district is composed of stations Barceloneta, Ciales, Florida, Manatí, Morovis and Vega Baja. It is also the operational area for D.O.E. located at the Barceloneta firehouse.
Arecibo Fire District
| Firehouse | Engine Unit | Special Units | Address |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arecibo District | Engine 201 | Mini Engine, First Responder, Pump Unit | #101 Hostos Ave. (Next to the PRPD regional station) |
| Camuy | Engine | EMT Unit | Puente Neighborhood |
| Castañer | Engine | Cooperativismo St, Lares | |
| Lares | Engine 217 | Ave. Los Patriotas (PR-111 km. 3.3) | |
| Hatillo | Engine 190 | #1000 Tulipán St.(In front of PR-2). | |
| Bayaney | Mini Engine | PR-129 km. 15.2, Hatillo | |
| Angeles | Engine | Branch Line PR-602 km 0.2, Utuado | |
| Utuado | Engine | Mini Engine | #29 Fernando L. Rivas Dominici Ave. (PR-602), Downtown Utuado |
| Quebradillas | Engine | #91 Socorro St. |
Barceloneta Fire District
| Firehouse | Engine Company | Special Units | Address |
|---|---|---|---|
| Barceloneta District/ D.O.E. | Engine | Ladder Rescue R-45, Rescue R-46 | PR-2 km. 56.2 |
| Ciales | Engine | PR-145 km. 12.1, Jaguas neighborhood | |
| Florida | Enigne | PR-140 km. 55.4 (Next to the PRPD station) | |
| Manatí | Engine | PR-670 km 2.7 Cotto Sur neighborhood (Next to the coliseum) | |
| Morovis | Engine | #10 Patron St. | |
| Vega Baja | Engine 194 | PR-2 km. 38.6 |
Caguas
The Caguas Fire Corps area is composed of the districts of Caguas and Humacao. The Fire Corps District of Caguas is composed of the stations Caguas, Gurabo, San Lorenzo, Cayey, Aibonito, Cidra and Aguas Buenas. Is also the district house for the Caguas D.O.E. area. The Fire Department District of Humacao is composed of stations Humacao, Buena Vista, Ceiba, Naguabo, Las Piedras, Yabucoa, Maunabo and Juncos.
Caguas Fire District
| Firehouse | Engine Unit | Special Units | Address |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caguas District | Engine 121, Engine 122 | Rescue 123, Ladder 124, HAZMAT Unit | Rafael Cordero Ave. (Behind the PRPD regional station) |
| Gurabo | Engine 128 | Between 1st. Street and PR-9944 (Downtown Gurabo) | |
| San Lorenzo | Engine 130 | PR-203, Public Safety Complex | |
| Cayey | Engine 127 | PR-1 km. 54.8 | |
| Aibonito | Engine 126 | Felix Rios St. (Behind the PRPD regional station) | |
| Cidra | Engine | El Jíbaro Ave./PR-173 | |
| Aguas Buenas | Engine 124 | #2 Muñoz Rivera St. |
Humacao Fire District
| Firehouse | Engine Unit | Special Units | Address |
|---|---|---|---|
| Humacao District | Engine 141 | First Respond FR-2, Rescue Unit | #1110 Miguel Casillas St. (In front of City Hall) |
| Buena Vista (Humacao II) | Engine 151 | EMT Unit 2159 | PR-923, Humacao |
| Ceiba | Engine | Felisa Rincon Ave. | |
| Naguabo | Engine 154 | PR-31 km. 4.4 | |
| Las Piedras | Engine | PR-183 (courner of Felix Lopez St.) | |
| Yabucoa | Engine | EMT Unit 2112 | #95 Catalina Morales St. |
| Maunabo | Engine | EMT Unit | Kennedy Ave. (next to the hospital) |
| Juncos | Engine | PR-935 km. 4.2 |
Carolina
The Carolina Fire Corps area is composed of the districts of Carolina and Rio Piedras. The Carolina fire district includes the municipalities in the northeast area of Puerto Rico with the stations Carolina, Loiza, Canóvanas, Rio Grande, Luquillo, Fajardo, Vieques and Culebra. It is also the home for the Luis Muñoz Marin Aircraft Search & Rescue unit. The Rio Piedras fire district covers the southern half portion of the San Juan city limits and the town of Trujillo Alto. Is composed by the stations Rio Piedras, Trujillo Alto, San Jose and Puerto Nuevo. The Rio Piedras station is the busiest station in all of Puerto Rico.
Carolina Fire District
| Firehouse | Engine Unit | Special Units | Address |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carolina District | Engine 102 | Mini Engine 105, Pump Unit, Oil Spill Unit | Roberto Clemente Ave. |
| Loiza | Engine 108 | PR-187 km. 10 | |
| Canovanas | Engine 107 | EMT Unit 2124 | Corchado St. (next to the PRPD station) |
| Rio Grande | Engine 109 | EMT Unit 2177 | PR-187R |
| Luquillo | Engine 111 | PR-992 Industrial sector | |
| Fajardo | Engine 110 | #S-66 Ave. Conquistador | |
| Vieques | Engine 112 | PR-997 km. 0.5 | |
| Culebra | Engine 113 | #317 Escudero St. |
Rio Piedras Fire District
| Firehouse | Engine Unit | Special Units | Address |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rio Piedras | Engine 57 | Pump Unit #56 | #62 Tizol St. |
| Trujillo Alto | Engine 58 | PR-846 km. 1.1 Public Safety Complex | |
| San Jose | Engine 62 | Sicilia St./Valverde St., East San Juan | |
| Puerto Nuevo | Engine 65 | Constitution St./Cadiz St. (Next to the Head Start), West San Juan |
Ponce
The Ponce Fire Corps area is divided into the districts of Ponce and Guayama. The Ponce fire district covers the central and southwestern part of Puerto Rico. It is composed of the stations Ponce Central, Ponce Playa, Ponce El Tuque, Villalba, Juana Díaz, Jayuya, Guanica, Adjuntas, Peñuelas, Guayanilla and Yauco. It's also the home of the Ponce D.O.E. area. The Ponce Fire Corps area saw 1,412 fires in the first 6 weeks of 2011.[1] The Guayama fire district covers the south and southeastern portion of Puerto Rico. Its composed by the stations Guayama Central, Guayama Hostos, Salinas Central, Salinas Coqui, Santa Isabel, Coamo, Arroyo and Patillas.
Ponce Fire District
| Firehouse | Engine Unit | Special Units | Address |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ponce Central District [2] | Engine 254, Engine 255 | Inspection Unit | Miguel Pou Boulevard/Alcazar St. |
| Ponce Playa (D.O.E.) | Ladder Rescue R-15, Hazmat Rescue R-16, Rescue R-17 | #80 Hostos Ave. | |
| Ponce El Tuque | Engine 263 | #2 Ramal St. | |
| Villalba | Engine 269 | PR-149 km. 56.9 (Felix Luis Hernandez Ave.) | |
| Juana Diaz | Engine 271 | EMT Unit 2148, 2202 | Victor Cruz Rd. |
| Jayuya | Engine | PR-141R | |
| Guanica | Engine | #22 65 de Infantería St. | |
| Adjuntas | Engine 265 | EMT Unit 2133 | #38-A Rodulfo Gonzalez St. |
| Peñuelas | Engine 272 | #613 Dr. Loyola St. | |
| Guayanilla | Engine 273 | #23 Concepcion St. | |
| Yauco | Engine 274 | Forest Unit | #9 Mejias St. |
Guayama Fire District
| Firehouse | Engine Unit | Special Units | Address |
|---|---|---|---|
| Guayama District | Engine 163, Engine 164 | Mini Engine 160, Forest Unit 159, Rescue 150 | #100 Principal St. |
| Coqui Neighborhood | Pump Unit 165 | #40 Leopoldo Cepeda St., Salinas | |
| Salinas | Engine 170 | PR-1 (near the Sports Complex) | |
| Arroyo | Engine | Principal St. (near Jardines de Lafayette housing developments) | |
| Patillas | Engine | PR-3 km. 122.2 | |
| Coamo | Engine | Luis Muñoz Marin Ave. (Next to the Puerto Rico National Guard barracks) | |
| Santa Isabel | Engine | #1 Baldorioty St./Celis Aguilera St. |
San Juan
The San Juan Fire Corps area covers the northern portion of the city of San Juan and the northern half of Puerto Rico, from San Juan to Vega Alta. It is divided into two fire districts: San Juan and Bayamón. The San Juan fire district its composed by the stations San Juan Metropolitan (Metro), Barrio Obrero, Cataño, Guaynabo and Hato Rey/D.O.E. Metro. The Bayamón Fire District its composed of the stations Bayamón, Toa Baja, Toa Alta, Naranjito, Dorado, Comerio, Barranquitas, Orocovis, Corozal and Vega Alta.
San Juan Fire District
| Firehouse | Engine Unit | Ladder Unit | Rescue Unit | Special Units | Address |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| San Juan Metropolitan (METRO) | Engine 40, Engine 41 | Mini Engine 45, Pump Unit, Foam Unit, Mobile Command Unit, Inspector Unit | Fernandez Juncos Ave. 7 1/2 quarter, Puerta de Tierra, San Juan | ||
| Barrio Obrero | Engine 60 | #418 Professor Ernesto Vigoreaux St. Villa Palmeras | |||
| Cataño | Engine 91 | EMT Unit 2180, Fireboat Unit | Olivo St./PR-165 (Next to the Cataño Police station) | ||
| Guaynabo | Engine 90 | PR-837 km. 0.1 | |||
| D.O.E. Metro (Hato Rey) | Ladder Rescue R-5, Tower Rescue | Rescue R-6, Heavy Rescue R-7, Hazmat Rescue R-8, Hazmat Wagon R-9 | First Response Unit | #506 Muñoz Rivera Ave. (West Hato Rey) |
Bayamon Fire District
| Firehouse | Engine Unit | Special Units | Address |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bayamon District | Engine 80 | Mini Engine 84, Pump Unit | F Street/3-A Street (Hermanas Davila neighborhood) |
| South Bayamon | Engine 81 | PR-167 South Bayamon | |
| Toa Baja | Engine 92 | #4 Muñoz Rivera Ave. | |
| Toa Alta | Engine | PR-8861 next to the PRPD station | |
| Naranjito | Engine 97 | Georgetti St. | |
| Dorado | Engine | #339 Mendez Vigo St. | |
| Comerio | Engine | #43 Georgetti St | |
| Barranquitas | Engine | José Zayas Grin Ave. (next to the Barranquitas Police station) | |
| Orocovis | Engine | #4 Luis Muñoz Marin Ave. | |
| Corozal | Engine | Portuguese Sector, Cibuco quarter (Next to PR-159 Bypass) | |
| Vega Alta | Engine 95 | PR-2 km. 30.7 |
Notable incidents
Dupont Plaza fire
On the evening of December 31, 1986, a group of employees of the Dupont Plaza Hotel in the San Juan tourist district placed opened cans of a flammable liquid commonly used in chafing dishes in a storage room adjacent to the ballroom on the ground floor of the hotel. The employees then ignited the flammable liquid, but the fire quickly burned out of control; then, the fire stated to burn the second floor where the casino was packed of people; and then, thick black smoke covered the rest of the floors. And to make matters worse, the hotel was filled of American tourists and local citizens. Around 3:40 p.m., the nearest firehouse, the San Juan Metropolitan Station received the first call. Later on scene, 14 fire trucks, more than 100 firefighters and 35 ambulances responded to the call. Later that evening, 4 helicopters including National Guard and State Police started airlifting people from the roof top of the hotel to the beach on the back of the hotel. In the end, 97 people died. Most of them died of smoke inhalation, others died burned beyond recognition, and 140 people were injured. The cause of the fire was criminal arson, because of economic problems between employees and employers. This made the Dupont Plaza Hotel arson the most deadly fire In Puerto Rican history.
Gulf Refinery explosion
On October 23, 2009, at 12:23 AM, seven oil storage tanks from the Caribbean Petroleum Corporation (CAPECO) in Bayamón, Puerto Rico, exploded causing an expansive wave from the epicenter into a five-mile radius. Puerto Rico Fire Corps units from the towns of Bayamón, Cataño, and Guaynabo arrived at the scene 15 minutes after the explosion. An hour later, fire units from San Juan, Toa Baja, and the municipal fire units from San Juan, Bayamón, and Carolina arrived to assist in what was considered to be the biggest fire explosion in Puerto Rico's history. The communities of Puente Blanco and Fort Buchanan were evacuated. The explosion was heard as far away as the town of Cidra. On the afternoon of the explosion, units from Ponce, Caguas, and Arecibo joined on the firefight. Governor Luis Fortuño declared a state of emergency on that area, and President Barack Obama separately declared a federal state of emergency in Puerto Rico, clearing the way for federal agencies to coordinate disaster relief and authorizing the use of federal funds. Personnel from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB), and the Department of Homeland Security arrived in Puerto Rico starting October 24 to investigate the fire.
The Puerto Rico National Guard was activated to help the local units with logistics in the area. The fire was contained two days later, on the night of October 25. Though there were no deaths, six people were injured including one firefighter who was affected by smoke inhalation. The cause of the explosion is still being investigated. However, many questions have surfaced and the investigation continues without a clear understanding of the events that night.
Photos
A CBPR firefighter preparing to enter a flaming building.
A water storage truck transferring water to a CBPR engine.
References
- ↑ Bomberos del Sur: Batallan sin tregua a lo largo de región. Jason Rodríguez Grafal. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 16 February 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
- ↑ Héroes en el mundo: olvidados aquí. Jason Rodríguez Grafal. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 12 October 2011 ("sic": See date printed on the electronic version of the article). Retrieved 22 December 2011.