Crotalus viridis

Crotalus viridis
Hopi rattlesnake, C. v. nuntius
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Viperidae
Subfamily: Crotalinae
Genus: Crotalus
Species: C. viridis
Binomial name
Crotalus viridis
(Rafinesque, 1818)
Synonyms
  • Crotalinus viridis
    Rafinesque, 1818
  • Crotalurus viridis
    — Rafinesque, 1820
  • Crotalus confluentus
    Say In James, 1823
  • Crotalus Lecontei
    Hallowell, 1852
  • C[audisona]. confluenta
    — Cope, 1867
  • [Caudisona confluenta] Var. confluenta
    — Cope, 1867
  • [Caudisona confluenta] Var. lecontei
    — Cope, 1867
  • Crotalus confluentus var. pulverulentus
    Cope, 1883
  • Crotalus confluentus var. confluentus
    — Cope, 1883
  • Crotalus confluentus confluentus
    — Cope, 1892
  • Crotalus confluentus lecontei
    — Cope, 1892
  • Crotalus viridis viridis
    — Klauber, 1936[1]

Crotalus viridis (Common names: prairie rattlesnake,[2] western rattlesnake,[3] Great Plains rattlesnake,[4] and others) is a venomous pit viper species native to the western United States, southwestern Canada, and northern Mexico. Currently, two subspecies are recognized, including the nominate subspecies described here.[2]

Taxonomy

The taxonomic history of this species is convoluted. Previously, seven other C. viridis subspecies were also recognized, including C. v. abyssus, C. v. caliginis, C. v. cerberus, C. v. concolor, C. v. helleri, C. v. lutosus and C. v. oreganus. However, in 2001 Ashton and de Queiroz described their analysis of the variation of mitochondrial DNA across the range of this species. Their results agreed broadly with those obtained by Pook et al. (2000). Two main clades were identified, east and west of the Rocky Mountains, which they argued were actually two different species: on the one hand C. viridis, including the conventional subspecies C. v. viridis and C. v. nuntius, and on the other C. oreganus, including all the other traditional subspecies of C. viridis. The authors retained the names of the traditional subspecies, but emphasized the need for more work to be done on the systematics of C. oreganus.[5][6][7]

Geographic range

They, and the subspecies mentioned below, are found in North America over much of the Great Plains, the eastern foothills and some intermontane valleys of the Rocky Mountains, from southwestern Canada through the United States to northern Mexico. In Canada, they occur in Alberta and Saskatchewan; in the USA in eastern Oregon, eastern Washington, southern Idaho, most of Montana (where it is one of 10 snake species and the only venomous one), North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, extreme eastern Arizona, and in Mexico in northern Coahuila and northwestern Chihuahua. Its vertical range is from 100 m (330 ft) near the Rio Grande to over 2,775 m (9,104 ft) in elevation in Wyoming.[5]

Wright and Wright (1957) and Klauber (1997) both mention Utah as within the range of this species, including maps showing it confined to the extreme southeastern part of the state.[4][8] The type locality is described as "the Upper Missouri [Valley, USA]". An emendation was proposed by H.M. Smith and Taylor (1950) to "Gross, Boyd County, Nebraska."[1]

Description

This species commonly grows to more than 100 cm (3.3 ft) in length. The maximum recorded size is 151.5 cm (4.97 ft). In Montana, specimens occasionally exceed 120 centimetres (3.9 ft) in length; the species reaches its maximum size in this region. One of the most characteristic features is the presence of three or more, usually four, internasal scales.[5]

Identification characteristics will vary depending on which subspecies is encountered. Generally, western rattlesnakes are usually lightly colored in hues of brown. Patches of dark brown are often distributed in a dorsal pattern. A color band may be seen at the back of the eye. The western rattlesnake group carries the distinctive triangle-shaped head and pit sensory organs on either side of the head. A key characteristic that can help differentiate a western rattlesnake from other rattlesnakes is the presence of two internasals contacting the rostral.[9]

Habitat

Habitat characteristics can vary depending on subspecies and range. Generally, western rattlesnakes occupy areas with an abundant prey base. Many subspecies occupy somewhat rocky areas with outcrops serving as den sites. Western rattlesnakes have also been known to occupy burrows of other animals.[10] They seem to prefer dry areas with moderate vegetation coverage. Vegetation cover will vary depending on region and subspecies.[9]

Diet

Western rattlesnakes, because of their expansive distribution, have a wide array of prey. Generally, this species prefers small mammals, such as ground squirrels, ground nesting birds, mice, rats, small rabbits and prairie dogs. They will occasionally feed on amphibians and reptiles, and sometimes even other snakes. This is more commonly seen in juvenile snakes.[9]

Reproduction

Western rattlesnakes are viviparous and can produce from one to 25 young per reproduction event. The average number of young ranges from four to 12, but can vary greatly due to availability of food and environmental conditions. Males may compete for females during the breeding season, but Western rattlesnake females may not necessarily breed every year.[11] They give birth in late summer or early fall, being their breed 22–28 cm long, without the need for parental care. In addition, their pups are toxic as soon as they are born. They reach sexual maturity at three years of age. It is also common for females to give birth at communal den sites with the young born between August and October.[9][12]

Behavior

In a defensive posture.

Western rattlesnakes live on the land, but it can sometimes climb in trees or bushes. Some even rest in crevices or caves. They are typically active diurnally in cooler weather and nocturnally during hot weather C. viridis. This species complex is equipped with powerful venom, using about 20-55 percent of venom in one bite, and will defend themselves if threatened or injured. As with other rattlesnake species, western rattlesnakes will rapidly vibrate their tails, which produces a unique rasping sound to warn intruders.[12]

The venom of the Western Rattlesnake is a complexly structured mixture of different proteins with enzymes such as proteases and peptidases found among them.[13] Besides the hemotoxine and its tissue destructive effect, the venom also has neurotoxic properties.[14]

Common names

Common names for this species include prairie rattlesnake and Hopi rattlesnake.

Conservation status

This species is classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (v3.1, 2001).[15] Species are listed as such due to their wide distribution, presumed large population, or because they are unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. The population trend was stable when assessed in 2006.[16]

Subspecies

Crotalus viridis nuntius Klauber, 1935,[2] the Hopi rattlesnake, inhabits the United States from northeastern and north-central Arizona, from the New Mexico border to Cataract Creek, including the Little Colorado River basin, the southern section of the Apache Indian Reservation, the Hopi Reservation, and the Coconino Plateau from the southern rim of the Grand Canyon to US Highway 66 in the south.[8]

Crotalus viridis viridis (Rafinesque, 1818),[2] the prairie rattlesnake, inhabits the North American Great Plains from the Rocky Mountains to 96° W and from southern Canada to extreme northern Mexico, including southwestern Saskatchewan, southeastern Alberta, eastern Washington, Idaho in the Lemhi Valley, Montana east of the higher Rockies, southwestern North Dakota, west, central and extreme southeastern South Dakota, western Iowa, central and western Nebraska, Wyoming except for the Rockies, Colorado, central and western Kansas, Oklahoma, extreme southeastern Utah, northeastern Arizona, New Mexico, western and southwestern Texas, northeastern Sonora, northern Chihuahua, northern Coahuila.[8]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré TA. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Crotalus viridis ". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 28 November 2006.
  3. ↑ "Crotalus ". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 28 November 2006.
  4. 1 2 Wright AH, Wright AA. 1957. Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. (7th printing, 1985). 1,105 pp. (2 volumes). ISBN 0-8014-0463-0.
  5. 1 2 3 Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. 870 pp. 1500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.
  6. ↑ Viperidae - Crotalinae - 2001 Publications at Wolfgang Wüster, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University. Accessed 7 April 2008.
  7. ↑ Pook CE, Wüster W, Thorpe RS. 2000. "Historical biogeography of the western rattlesnake (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalus viridis), inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence information". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 15: 269-282. PDF at Wolfgang Wüster, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University. Accessed 11 July 2016.
  8. 1 2 3 Klauber LM. 1997 (Reprint). Rattlesnakes: Their Habitats, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind. Second Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1,580 pp. (2 volumes). (First published in 1956, 1972). ISBN 0-520-21056-5.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Stebbins RC. 2003. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, Third edition. The Peterson Field Guide Series ®. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. xiii + 533 pp. ISBN 978-0-395-98272-3.
  10. ↑ Shipley, B.K., D. Chiszar, K.T. Fitzgerald, and A.J. Saviola. "Spatial ecology of Prairie Rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis) associated with Black-tailed Prairie Dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies in Colorado." Herpetological Conservation and Biology 8, no. 1 (2013): 240-250. http://www.herpconbio.org/Volume_8/Issue_1/Shipley_etal_2013.pdf
  11. ↑ C. viridis
  12. 1 2 C. virdis. Accessed 7 October 2009.
  13. ↑ Saviola, A.J., Pla, D., Sanz, L., Castoe, T.A., Calvete, J.J. and Mackessy, S.P., 2015. Comparative venomics of the Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis) from Colorado: Identification of a novel pattern of ontogenetic changes in venom composition and assessment of the immunoreactivity of the commercial antivenom CroFab®. Journal of proteomics, 121, pp.28-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2015.03.015
  14. ↑ Reichl, Franz-Xaver. 2008. Taschenatlas der Toxikologie: Substanzen, Wirkungen, Umwelt [=Pocket Atlas of Toxicology: Substances, Effects, Environment ]. (Chapter: "Venoms"). Hamburg: Nikol Verlag. ISBN 978-3868200058. (in German).
  15. ↑ Crotalus viridis at the IUCN Red List. Accessed 1 September 2007.
  16. ↑ 2001 Categories & Criteria (version 3.1) at the IUCN Red List. Accessed 13 September 2007.

Further reading

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