Consumer ethnocentrism
Consumer ethnocentrism is derived from the more general psychological concept of ethnocentrism.
Basically, ethnocentric individuals tend to view their group as superior to others. As such, they view other groups from the perspective of their own, and reject those that are different and accept those that are similar (Netemeyer et al., 1991; Shimp & Sharma, 1987). This, in turn, derives from earlier sociological theories of in-groups and out-groups (Shimp & Sharma, 1987). Ethnocentrism, it is consistently found, is normal for an in-group to an out-group (Jones, 1997; Ryan & Bogart, 1997).
Consumer ethnocentrism specifically refers to ethnocentric views held by consumers in one country, the in-group, towards products from another country, the out-group (Shimp & Sharma, 1987). Consumers may believe that it is not appropriate, and possibly even immoral, to buy products from other countries.
Purchasing foreign products may be viewed as improper because it costs domestic jobs and hurts the economy. The purchase of foreign products may even be seen as simply unpatriotic (Klein, 2002; Netemeyer et al., 1991; Sharma, Shimp, & Shin, 1995; Shimp & Sharma, 1987).
Attributes
Consumer ethnocentrism gives individuals an understanding of what purchases are acceptable to the in-group, as well as feelings of identity and belonging. For consumers who are not ethnocentric, or polycentric consumers, products are evaluated on their merits exclusive of national origin, or possibly even viewed more positively because they are foreign (Shimp & Sharma, 1987; Vida & Dmitrovic, 2001).
Brodowsky (1998) studied consumer ethnocentrism among car buyers in the U.S. and found a strong positive relationship between high ethnocentrism and country-based bias in the evaluation of automobiles. Consumers with low ethnocentrism appeared to evaluate automobiles based more on the merits of the actual automobile rather than its country of origin. Brodowsky suggests that understanding consumer ethnocentrism is critical in understanding country of origin effects.
Several antecedents of consumer ethnocentrism have been identified by various studies. Consumers who tend to be less ethnocentric are those who are young, those who are male, those who are better educated, and those with higher income levels (Balabanis et al., 2001; Good & Huddleston, 1995; Sharma et al., 1995).
Balabanis et al. found that the determinants of consumer ethnocentrism may vary from country to country and culture to culture. In Turkey, patriotism was found to be the most important motive for consumer ethnocentrism. This, it was theorized, was due to Turkey's collectivist culture, with patriotism being an important expression of loyalty to the group. In the more individualistic Czech Republic, feelings of nationalism based on a sense of superiority and dominance appeared to provide the most important contribution to consumer ethnocentrism.
The CETSCALE
Shimp and Sharma (1987) developed consumer ethnocentrism into a measurable construct through the use of the consumer ethnocentric tendencies scale (CETSCALE). The initial development of the CETSCALE began with 225 different questions, which were narrowed down to 100 before being sent to a survey group for the first purification study. Through repeated purification studies, the number of questions was finally reduced to 17. Repeated studies by Shimp and Sharma validated the CETSCALE in the U.S.
While the 17-item CETSCALE is the original version developed by Shimp and Sharma (1987), shortened versions have been used. One, with 10 items, was developed alongside the full version.
This is probably the most frequently used version of the CETSCALE, as a result of its relatively few number of questions (Balabanis et al., 2001; Klein, 2002; Klein et al., 1998; Neese & Hult, 2002; Netemeyer et al., 1991; Vida & Dmitrovic, 2001). Other versions have been used with success, including a version used by Klein (2002) with just four items that was found to have a .96 correlation with the 10-item version.
The first major test of the validity of the CETSCALE in countries other than the U.S. was carried out in 1991 (Netemeyer et al., 1991; Wang, 1996). Netemeyer et al. surveyed students in the U.S., France, Japan, and West Germany and compared the results.
Both the 17-item version and the 10-item version were tested. It was found that both versions of the CETSCALE were reliable across the different cultures where it was tested. The results also helped validate the CETCSCALE as a measure of consumer ethnocentricity. Since that time, the CETSCALE has been used in many studies in many different countries and cultures.
See also
References
- Balabanis, G.; Diamantopoulos, A.; Mueller, R.; Melewar, T. C. (2001). "The impact of nationalism, patriotism and internationalism on consumer ethnocentric tendencies.". Journal of International Business Studies. 32 (1): 157–175.
- Brodowsky, G. H. (1998). "The effects of country of design and country of assembly on evaluative beliefs about automobiles and attitudes toward buying them: A comparison between high and low ethnocentric consumers.". Journal of International Consumer Marketing. 10 (3): 85–113.
- Good, L. K.; Huddleston, P. (1995). "Ethnocentrism of Polish and Russian consumers: Are feelings and intentions related?". International Marketing Review. 12 (3): 35–48.
- Klein, J. G. (2002). "Us versus them or us versus everyone? Delineating consumer aversion to foreign goods". Journal of International Business Studies. 33 (2): 345–363.
- Klein, J. G.; Ettenson, R.; Morris, M. D. (1998). "The animosity model of foreign product purchase: An empirical test in the People's Republic of China". Journal of Marketing. 62 (1): 89–100.
- Jones, F. L. (1997). "Ethnic diversity and national identity". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology. 33 (3): 285–305.
- Neese, W. T.; Hult, G. T. M. (2002). "Local retail segmentation using the CETSCALE: A test of comparative advertising effectiveness in the domestic versus imported luxury sedan market.". Journal of Promotion Management. 8 (2): 135–161.
- Netemeyer, R. G.; Durvasula, S.; Lichtenstein, D. R. (1991). "A cross-national assessment of the reliability and validity of the CETSCALE.". Journal of Marketing Research. 28 (3): 320–327.
- Ryan, C. S.; Bogart, L. M. (1997). "Development of new group members' in-group and out-group stereotypes: Changes in perceived group variability and ethnocentrism". Journal of Personality and Social Psycholog. 73 (4): 719–732.
- Sharma, S., Shimp, T. A., & Shin, J. (1995). Consumer ethnocentrism: A test of antecedents and moderators. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 23(1), 26-37.
- Shimp, T. A., & Sharma, S. (1987). Consumer ethnocentrism: Construction and validation of the CETSCALE. Journal of Marketing Research, 24(8), 280-289.
- Vida, I., & Dmitrovic, T. (2001). An empirical analysis of consumer purchasing behavior in former Yugoslav markets. Economic and Business Review, 3(3-4), 191-207.
- Wang, C. L. (1996). The evolution of international consumer research: A historical assessment from the 1960s to mid 1990s. Journal of Euro-Marketing, 5(1), 57-82.