Cleistanthus

Cleistanthus collinus in Narsapur, Medak district, India.

Cleistanthus is a plant genus of the family Phyllanthaceae first described as a genus in 1848.[3][4] It is widespread in much of the Old World Tropics in Asia, Africa, Australia, and various oceanic islands.[2][5][6] Cleistanthus collinus is known for being toxic and frequently used for homicidal or suicidal purposes.[7]

Species[2]
  1. Cleistanthus acuminatus - Sri Lanka
  2. Cleistanthus andamanicus - Andaman Is
  3. Cleistanthus angustifolius - Luzon
  4. Cleistanthus annamensis - Vietnam
  5. Cleistanthus apodus - Queensland, E New Guinea
  6. Cleistanthus bakonensis - Sarawak, Sabah
  7. Cleistanthus balakrishnanii - Nicobar Is
  8. Cleistanthus bambidianus - Gabon
  9. Cleistanthus baramicus - Borneo
  10. Cleistanthus beccarianus - Sarawak
  11. Cleistanthus bipindensis - C Africa
  12. Cleistanthus boivinianus - Madagascar
  13. Cleistanthus bracteosus - W Malaysia
  14. Cleistanthus bracteosus - Indonesia, Philippines
  15. Cleistanthus capuronii - E Madagascar
  16. Cleistanthus carolinianus - Palau
  17. Cleistanthus caudatus - C Africa
  18. Cleistanthus celebicus - Sabah, Sulawesi
  19. Cleistanthus chlorocarpus - Sarawak
  20. Cleistanthus collinus - Indian Subcontinent
  21. Cleistanthus concinnus - Hainan, Vietnam
  22. Cleistanthus contractus - W Malaysia, Sabah
  23. Cleistanthus coriaceus - Sarawak
  24. Cleistanthus cunninghamii - Qld, NSW
  25. Cleistanthus curtisii - W Malaysia
  26. Cleistanthus dallachyanus - Qld, NT
  27. Cleistanthus decurrens - Thailand, Philippines, Borneo, W Malaysia
  28. Cleistanthus denudatus - Thailand
  29. Cleistanthus discolor - Qld
  30. †Cleistanthus diversifolius - ?
  31. Cleistanthus dolichophyllus - W Malaysia
  32. Cleistanthus duvipermaniorum - Zaïre, Angola
  33. Cleistanthus eberhardtii - Vietnam
  34. Cleistanthus ellipticus - W Malaysia
  35. Cleistanthus elongatus - Sarawak
  36. Cleistanthus erycibifolius - W Malaysia, Borneo, Negros
  37. Cleistanthus everettii - Borneo, Philippines
  38. Cleistanthus evrardii J.Léonard - Zaïre, Congo
  39. Cleistanthus ferrugineus - Sri Lanka
  40. Cleistanthus flavescens - W Malaysia
  41. Cleistanthus floricola - Flores
  42. Cleistanthus gabonensis - Gabon
  43. Cleistanthus glaber - Borneo, W Malaysia, Mindanao
  44. Cleistanthus glabratus - Sarawak
  45. Cleistanthus glandulosus - W Malaysia, S Thailand, Sumatra
  46. Cleistanthus gracilis - W Malaysia, S Thailand, Sumatra, Borneo
  47. Cleistanthus helferi - W Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar
  48. Cleistanthus hirsutopetalus - W Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore
  49. Cleistanthus hirsutulus - W Malaysia, Thailand, Sumatra, Borneo, Vietnam
  50. Cleistanthus hylandii - Qld
  51. Cleistanthus indochinensis - Vietnam
  52. Cleistanthus inglorius - Papua New Guinea
  53. Cleistanthus insignis - Morobe
  54. Cleistanthus insularis - Palau
  55. Cleistanthus inundatus - Zaïre, Congo, Angola
  56. Cleistanthus isabellinus - Sabah, Philippines, New Guinea
  57. Cleistanthus itsoghensis - C Africa
  58. Cleistanthus jacobsianus - Sarawak
  59. Cleistanthus kingii - W Malaysia
  60. Cleistanthus kwangensis - Zaïre, Angola
  61. Cleistanthus langkawiensis - Langkawi
  62. Cleistanthus lanuginosus - W Malaysia
  63. Cleistanthus letouzeyi - Cameroon, Gabon, Eq Guinea
  64. Cleistanthus libericus - W + C Africa
  65. Cleistanthus longinervis - W Malaysia
  66. Cleistanthus macrophyllus - W Malaysia, S Thailand, Borneo, Yunnan
  67. Cleistanthus maingayi - W Malaysia, Sarawak
  68. Cleistanthus major - W Malaysia
  69. Cleistanthus malabaricus - SW India
  70. Cleistanthus malaccensis - W Malaysia
  71. Cleistanthus meeboldii - Myanmar
  72. Cleistanthus megacarpus - Philippines, Indonesia
  73. Cleistanthus membranaceus - W Malaysia
  74. Cleistanthus micranthus - Fiji
  75. Cleistanthus monoicus - Guangdong
  76. Cleistanthus morii - Chuuk
  77. Cleistanthus namatanaiensis - Bismarck
  78. Cleistanthus ngounyensis - Gabon
  79. Cleistanthus nitidus - W Malaysia
  80. Cleistanthus normanbyanus - D'Entrecasteaux Is
  81. Cleistanthus oblongatus - Sarawak
  82. Cleistanthus oblongifolius - Bangladesh, SE Asia, Papuasia, Qld
  83. Cleistanthus occidentalis - W Madagascar
  84. Cleistanthus pallidus - Sri Lanka
  85. Cleistanthus papuanus - Papua New Guinea
  86. Cleistanthus papyraceus - Myanmar, Thailand
  87. Cleistanthus parvifolius - W Malaysia
  88. Cleistanthus patulus - India, Sri Lanka
  89. Cleistanthus paxii - Sarawak
  90. Cleistanthus pedicellatus - Guangxi, W Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines, New Guinea
  91. Cleistanthus peninsularis - Papua New Guinea, Qld
  92. Cleistanthus perrieri - E Madagascar
  93. Cleistanthus petelotii - Guangxi, Vietnam
  94. Cleistanthus pierlotii - Zaïre, Gabon
  95. Cleistanthus pierrei - Vietnam
  96. Cleistanthus pilosus - Basilan, Mindanao
  97. Cleistanthus podocarpus - W Malaysia
  98. Cleistanthus podopyxis - Sabah, Kalimantan Timur
  99. Cleistanthus polyneurus - W Malaysia
  100. Cleistanthus polyphyllus - W Malaysia, S Thailand
  101. Cleistanthus polystachyus - tropical Africa
  102. Cleistanthus praetermissus - W Malaysia, S Thailand, Borneo
  103. Cleistanthus pseudopallidus - Sumatra
  104. Cleistanthus pseudopodocarpus - W Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo
  105. Cleistanthus pubens - Borneo
  106. Cleistanthus pyrrhocarpus - Sarawak, Brunei
  107. Cleistanthus ripicola - tropical Africa
  108. Cleistanthus robinsonii - Palawan, Sibuyan
  109. Cleistanthus robustus - Sri Lanka, Andaman Is
  110. Cleistanthus rotundatus - Cambodia
  111. Cleistanthus rufescens - W Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines
  112. Cleistanthus rufus - W Malaysia, S Thailand
  113. Cleistanthus salicifolius - Sarawak
  114. Cleistanthus sankunnianus - SW India
  115. Cleistanthus sarawakensis - Sarawak
  116. Cleistanthus schlechteri - from Kenya to KwaZulu-Natal
  117. Cleistanthus semiopacus - Qld
  118. Cleistanthus stenonia - Mayotte, Madagascar
  119. Cleistanthus stenophyllus - Myanmar
  120. Cleistanthus stipitatus - New Caledonia
  121. Cleistanthus stipularis - W India
  122. Cleistanthus striatus - Sarawak, Sabah
  123. Cleistanthus suarezensis - Madagascar
  124. Cleistanthus sumatranus - S China, SE Asia, New Guinea
  125. Cleistanthus tenerifolius - Sumatra, Kalimantan
  126. Cleistanthus tomentosus - S China, E Indochina
  127. Cleistanthus tonkinensis - S China, Vietnam
  128. Cleistanthus travancorensis - SW India
  129. Cleistanthus venosus - W Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Mindanao
  130. Cleistanthus vestitus - W Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Luzon
  131. Cleistanthus winkleri - Sarawak, Brunei
  132. Cleistanthus xanthopus - Papua New Guinea
  133. Cleistanthus xerophilus - Qld
  134. Cleistanthus zenkeri - tropical Africa

Cleistanthus collinus

Karra at fruiting

Cleistanthus collinus (Karra) is a plant poison also called "oduvan" (Tamil), "Vadisaku" (Telugu) and Oduku (Malayalam). Ingestion of its leaves or a dicoction of its leaves causes hypokalemia (kaliuresis and cardiac arrhythmias),[8] metabolic acidosis, hypotension and hypoxia[9] probably due to distal renal tubular acidosis, ARDS and toxin induced vasodilatation respectively.[10][11][12] Hypokalemia and acidosis probably also induces rhabdomyolysis resulting in myoglobinuric renal failure and neuromuscular weakness.[13] Its effects are probably mediated by injury to the distal renal tubules, pulmonary epithelium and peripheral blood vessels due to glutathione depletion[14] (animal studies have shown benefit with N-acetylcysteine).[15]

Cleistanthin A and cleistanthin B are phytoconstituents of Cleistanthus collinus Roxb. Cleistanthin A and cleistanthin B are arylnaphthalide lignans. They have been reported to be toxic substances responsible for poisoning. Cleistanthin A is also present in Phyllanthus toxodiifolius.[16]

Cleistanthus sankunnianus

This species found in the herbal garden at Kottakkal Aryavaidyasala (Kerala, India) was described by V.V. Sivarajan & Indu Balachandran in the year 1984. The glabrous ovary brings the species under Sects. Australis (Jablonszky) and Nanopetalum (Hassk.). The persistent calyx, sessile male flowers and non-stripiate caplsules are similar to Stripulati (Jabl). The species differes from Stripulati (Jabl) because of its glabrous ovary. The species differs from Cleistanthus travencorensis in several details. The species name is after P. Sankunni Varier, the founder of Arya Vaidya Sala, Kottakkal.[17]

Cleistanthus schlechteri

Cleistanthus schlechteri var. schlechteri (False Tamboti, Zulu: Umzithi) is a protected tree in South Africa.[18]

Identification[19]

Small tree (up to 6 m), deciduous, multi or single stemmed, fairly upright and minimally spreading crown. Many twigs and branches, trunks pale buff-grey, bark cracks into small, flat, more or less rectangular blocks.

Leaves[19]

Simple, borne on very short, gnarled, lateral twigs. Very small, oval to obovate, smooth, glabrous, marginally entire, dark green and glossy above.

Flowers[19]

Both the sexes are borne on separate trees in small bunches, yellow-green to pale green; (October/November).

Fruits[19]

Capsules 1.0 x 0.8 cm, glabrous and glossy; brown to dark-brown when ripe (January/February).

References

  1. ↑ illustration circa 1880, from Francisco Manuel Blanco (O.S.A.) - Flora de Filipinas
  2. 1 2 3 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  3. ↑ Hooker, Joseph Dalton, Planchon, Jules Émile. 1848. Hooker's Icones Plantarum 8: , pl. DCCLXXIX in Latin with full-page line drawing
  4. ↑ Tropicos, Cleistanthus Hook. f. ex Planch.
  5. ↑ Govaerts, R., Frodin, D.G. & Radcliffe-Smith, A. (2000). World Checklist and Bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (and Pandaceae) 1-4: 1-1622. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  6. ↑ Flora of China Vol. 11 Page 172 闭花木属 bi hua mu shu Cleistanthus J. D. Hooker ex Planchon, Icon. Pl. 8: t. 779. 1848.
  7. ↑ 5. Bose A, Sandal Sejbaek C, Suganthy P, Raghava V, Alex R, Muliyil J, et al. Self-harm and self-poisoning in southern India: Choice of poisoning agents and treatment. Trop Med Int Health. 2009;14:761–5. (doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02293.x.)
  8. ↑ Thomas, K; Dayal, AK; Narasimhan, Alka G; Seshadri, MS; Cherian, AM; Kanakasabapathi, Molly B (1991). "Metabolic and Cardiac effects of Cleistanthus Collinus poisoning". J Assoc Physicians India. 39 (4): 312–314.
  9. ↑ Subrahmanyam, DK; Mooney, T; Raveendran, R; Zachariah, B. A (Nov 2003). "Clinical and laboratory profile of Cleistanthus collinus poisoning". J Assoc Physicians India. 51: 1052–4.
  10. ↑ Eswarappa, S.; Chakraborty, A R; Palatty, B U; Vasnik, M (2003). "Cleistanthus Collinus Poisoning: Case Reports and Review of the Literature". Clinical Toxicology. 41 (4): 369–72. doi:10.1081/clt-120022005.
  11. ↑ Benjamin SPE, M Edwin Fernando, JJ Jayanth, Preetha B; Cleistanthus collinus poisoning. J Assoc Physicians India 2006 Sep; 54:742-44
  12. ↑ Nampoothiri, K; Chrispal, A; Begum, A; Jasmine, S; Gopinath, KG; Zachariah, A (Mar 2010). "A clinical study of renal tubular dysfunction in Cleistanthus collinus (Oduvanthalai) poisoning". Clin Toxicol (Phila). 48 (3): 193–7. doi:10.3109/15563651003641786.
  13. ↑ Eswarappa, Benjamin SPE (Jan 2007). "Renal failure and neuromuscular weakness in Cleistanthus collinus poisoning". J Assoc Physicians India. 55: 85–86.
  14. ↑ Sarathchandra, G; Balakrishnamoorthy, P. "Acute toxicity of Cleistanthus collinus, an indigenous poisonous plant in Cavia procellus". Journal of Environmental Biology. 1998: 145–8.
  15. ↑ Annapoorani, KS; Damodaran, C; Chandrasekharan, P (1986). "A promising antidote to Cleistanthus collinus poisoning". J Sci Soc Ind. 2: 3–6.
  16. ↑ Parasuraman, S; Raveendran, R (2012). "Diuretic effects of cleistanthin a and cleistanthin B from the leaves of cleistanthus collinus in wistar rats". J Young Pharm. 4: 73–7. doi:10.4103/0975-1483.96616. PMC 3385220Freely accessible. PMID 22754257.
  17. ↑ V. V., Sivarajan; Balachandran, Indu (1985). "Cleistanthus sankunnianus, a New Species of Euphorbiaceae from India". Kew Bulletin. 40 (1): 121–123. JSTOR 4108485.
  18. ↑ "Protected Trees" (PDF). Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Republic of South Africa. 3 May 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-05.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Van Wyk, Piet (2008). Field guide to the TREES of the Kruger National Park. Cape Town: Struik Publishers. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-77007-759-1.
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