City Lights

For other uses, see City Lights (disambiguation).

City Lights

Theatrical release poster
Directed by Charlie Chaplin
Produced by Charlie Chaplin
Written by Charlie Chaplin
Starring Charlie Chaplin
Virginia Cherrill
Florence Lee
Harry Myers
Music by

Charlie Chaplin
Flower Girl's theme by José Padilla[1]

Orchestrated by Arthur Johnston and Alfred Newman
Cinematography Rollie Totheroh
Gordon Pollock
Mark Marklatt
Edited by Charlie Chaplin
Distributed by United Artists
Release dates
  • January 30, 1931 (1931-01-30)
Running time
 87 minutes
Country United States
Language English
Budget $1.5 million
Box office $5,019,181

City Lights is a 1931 American pre-Code silent romantic comedy film written, directed by, and starring Charlie Chaplin. The story follows the misadventures of Chaplin's Tramp as he falls in love with a blind girl (Virginia Cherrill) and develops a turbulent friendship with an alcoholic millionaire (Harry Myers).

Although sound films were on the rise when Chaplin started developing the script in 1928, he decided to continue working with silent productions. Filming started in December 1928, and ended in September 1930. City Lights marked the first time Chaplin composed the film score to one of his productions and it was written in six weeks with Arthur Johnston. The main theme used as a leitmotif for the blind flower girl is the song "La Violetera" ("Who’ll Buy my Violets") from Spanish composer José Padilla. Chaplin lost a lawsuit to Padilla for not crediting him.

City Lights was immediately successful upon release on January 30, 1931 with positive reviews and box office receipts of $5 million. Today, critics consider it not only the highest accomplishment of Chaplin's career, but one of the greatest films ever made. In 1991, the Library of Congress selected City Lights for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". In 2007, the American Film Institute's 100 Years... 100 Movies ranked City Lights as the 11th greatest American film of all time. In 1949, the critic James Agee referred to the final scene in the film as the "greatest single piece of acting ever committed to celluloid".[2]

Plot

The Tramp and the Flower Girl

The Little Tramp first meets the Flower Girl, and discovers she is blind when she cannot find a dropped flower.

That evening, the Tramp runs into a drunken millionaire who is attempting suicide on the waterfront. He takes the Tramp back to his mansion and gives him a change of clothes. Early the next morning, they return to the mansion and encounter the Flower Girl en route to her vending spot. The Tramp asks The Millionaire for some money, which he uses to buy all the girl's flowers and then drives her home in the Millionaire's car.

After he leaves, the Flower Girl tells her grandmother (Florence Lee) about her wealthy acquaintance. When the Tramp returns to the mansion, the Millionaire has sobered-up and does not remember him, so he has the butler order him out. Later that day, the Millionaire meets the Tramp again while intoxicated and invites him home for a lavish party. The next morning, having sobered again and planning to leave for a cruise, the Millionaire again has the Tramp tossed out.

Returning to the Flower Girl's apartment, the Tramp spies her being attended by a doctor. Deciding to take a job to earn money for her, he becomes a street sweeper. Meanwhile, the grandmother receives a notice that she and the girl will be evicted if they cannot pay their back rent by the next day, but she hides it. The Tramp visits the girl on his lunch break and sees a newspaper story about a Viennese doctor who has devised an operation that cures blindness. He then finds the eviction notice and reads it aloud at the girl's request. He reassures her that he will pay the rent. But he returns to work late and is fired.

As he is walking away, a boxer persuades him to stage a fake fight, promising to split the $50 prize money. Just before the bout, however, the man receives a telegram warning him that the police are after him. He flees, leaving the Tramp a no-nonsense replacement opponent. Despite a valiant effort, the Tramp is knocked out.

Some time later, he meets the drunken millionaire who has just returned from Europe. The Millionaire takes him to the mansion, and after he hears the girl's plight, he gives the Tramp $1,000 to give to the girl for her operation. Unbeknownst to the Millionaire and the Tramp, two burglars were hiding in the house when they entered. Upon hearing about the cash, they knock out the millionaire and take the rest of his money. The Tramp telephones for the police, but the robbers flee before they arrive, and the butler assumes he stole the money. The Millionaire cannot remember the Tramp or giving him the $1,000. The Tramp narrowly escapes and gives the money to the girl, saying he will be going away for a while. Later, he is arrested in front of the newsboys who taunted him earlier, and he is then jailed.

Months later, the Tramp is released. Searching for the girl, he returns to her customary street corner but does not find her. With her sight restored, the girl has opened up a flourishing flower shop with her grandmother. When a rich customer comes into the shop, the girl briefly wonders if he is her mysterious benefactor. But when he leaves with no acknowledgement, she realizes again she is wrong. While retrieving a flower from the gutter outside the shop, the Tramp is again tormented by the two newsboys. As he turns to leave, he finds himself staring at the girl through the window. His despair turns to elation and he forgets about the flower. Seeing that he has crushed the flower he retrieved, the girl kindly offers him a fresh one and a coin. Embarrassed, the Tramp tries to shuffle away, but the girl stops him and hands him the flower, which he shyly takes. When the girl takes hold of his hand to place the coin in it, she recognizes the touch of his hand and realizes he is no stranger. "You?" she says, and he nods, asking, "You can see now?" She tearfully replies, "Yes, I can see now", and holds the Tramp's hand close to her chest. Tearful and elated, the Tramp smiles at the girl shyly as the film fades to black.

Cast

Uncredited:

Production

Pre-production

Charlie Chaplin and Virginia Cherrill in City Lights

Chaplin's feature The Circus, released in 1928, was his last film before the motion picture industry embraced sound recording and brought the silent movie era to a close. As his own producer and distributor (part owner of United Artists), Chaplin could still conceive City Lights as a silent film. Technically the film was a crossover, as its soundtrack had synchronized music, sound effects, and some unintelligible sounds that copied speech pattern films. The dialogue was presented on intertitles.[3] Chaplin was first contacted by inventor Eugene Augustin Lauste in 1918 about making a sound film, but he never ended up meeting with Lauste.[4] Chaplin was dismissive about "talkies" and told a reporter that he would "give the talkies three years, that's all."[5] He was also concerned about how to adjust the Little Tramp to sound films.[5]

In early 1928, Chaplin began writing the script with Harry Carr. The plot gradually grew from an initial concept Chaplin had considered after the success of The Circus, where a circus clown goes blind and has to conceal his handicap from his young daughter by pretending that his inability to see are pratfalls.[5] This inspired the Blind Girl. The first scenes Chaplin thought up were of the ending, where the newly cured blind girl sees the Little Tramp for the first time.[6] A highly detailed description of the scene was written, as Chaplin considered it to be the center of the entire film.[7]

For a subplot, Chaplin first considered a character even lower on the social scale, a black newsboy. Eventually he opted for a drunken millionaire, a character previously used in the 1921 short The Idle Class.[8] The millionaire plot was based on an old idea Chaplin had for a short in which two millionaires pick up the Little Tramp from the city dump and show him a good time in expensive clubs before dropping him back off at the dump, so when he woke up, the Tramp would not know if it was real or a dream. This was rewritten into a millionaire who is a friend of the Tramp when drunk but does not recognize him when sober.[9]

Chaplin officially began pre-production of the film in May 1928 and hired Australian art director Henry Clive to design the sets that summer. Chaplin eventually cast Clive in the role of the millionaire. Although the film was originally set in Paris, the art direction is inspired by a mix of several cities. Robert Sherwood said that "it is a weird city, with confusing resemblances to London, Los Angeles, Naples, Paris, Tangiers and Council Bluffs. It is no city on earth and it is all cities."[10]

On August 28, 1928, Chaplin's mother Hannah Chaplin died at the age of 63. Chaplin was distraught for several weeks and pre-production did not resume until mid fall of 1928.[11] Psychologist Stephen Weissman has hypothesized that City Lights is highly autobiographical, with the blind girl representing Chaplin's mother, while the drunken millionaire represents Chaplin's father.[12] Weissman also compared many of the film's sets with locations from Chaplin's real childhood, such as the statue in the opening scene resembling St. Mark's Church on Kennington Park Road[13] and Chaplin referring to the waterfront set as the Thames Embankment.[14]

Chaplin had interviewed several actresses to play the blind flower girl but was unimpressed with them all. While seeing a film shoot with bathing women in a Santa Monica beach, he found a casual acquaintance, Virginia Cherrill. Cherrill waved and asked if she would ever get the chance to work with him. After a series of poor auditions from other actresses, Chaplin eventually invited her to do a screen test.[15] She was the first actress to subtly and convincingly act blind on camera due to her near-sightedness,[16] and Cherrill signed a contract on November 1, 1928.[17]

Principal photography

Filming for City Lights officially began on December 27, 1928, after Chaplin and Carr had worked on the script for almost an entire year.[17] As a filmmaker, Chaplin was known for being a perfectionist; he was noted for doing many more "takes" than other directors at the time.[18] Production began with the first scene at the flower stand where the Little Tramp first meets the Blind Flower Girl. The scene took weeks to shoot, and Chaplin first began to have second thoughts about casting Cherrill. Years later, Cherrill said, "I never liked Charlie and he never liked me."[19] In his autobiography, Chaplin took responsibility for his on-set tensions with Cherrill, blaming the stress of making the film for the conflict.[19] Filming the scene continued until February 1929 and again for ten days in early April before Chaplin put the scene aside to be filmed later.[20] He then shot the opening scene of the Little Tramp waking up in a newly unveiled public statue. This scene involved up to 380 extras and was especially stressful for Chaplin to shoot.[20] During this part of shooting, construction was being done at Chaplin Studios because the city of Los Angeles had decided to widen La Brea Avenue and Chaplin was forced to move several buildings away from the road.[21]

Chaplin then shot the sequence where the Little Tramp first meets the millionaire and prevents him from committing suicide.[21] During filming, Henry Clive suddenly decided that he did not want to jump into the tank of cold water in the scene, causing Chaplin to storm off the set and fire Clive. He was quickly replaced by Harry Myers, who Chaplin had known while under contract at Keystone Studios. Chaplin finished shooting the sequence on July 29, 1929 with exteriors at Pasadena Bridge.[22] Chaplin then shot a sequence that was eventually cut from the film involving the Little Tramp attempting to retrieve a stick that was stuck in a wall. The scene included a young Charles Lederer; Chaplin later praised the scene, but insisted that it needed to be cut.[23] He then continued filming the scenes with the millionaire until September 29, 1929.[24]

In November, Chaplin began working with Cherrill again in some of the Flower Girl's less dramatic scenes. While waiting for her scenes for several months, Cherrill had become bored and openly complained to Chaplin. During the filming of one scene, Cherrill asked Chaplin if she could leave early so that she could go to a hair appointment.[25] Chaplin fired Virginia Cherrill and replaced her with Georgia Hale, Chaplin's co-star in The Gold Rush.[18] However, Hale's screen tests proved that she was unsuitable for the role.[26] Chaplin also briefly considered sixteen-year-old actress Violet Krauth, but he was talked out of this idea by his collaborators.[27] Chaplin finally re-hired Cherrill to finish City Lights.[26] She demanded and got a raise to $75 per week.[27] Approximately seven minutes of test footage of Hale survives and is included on the DVD release; excerpts were first seen in the documentary Unknown Chaplin along with an unused opening sequence.[18]

Chaplin then cast Florence D. Lee as the Blind Girl's grandmother and shot scenes with Cherrill and Lee for five weeks.[27] In late 1929, Chaplin re-shot the first Flower Shop scene with Cherrill. This time, the scene was completed in six days and Chaplin was happy with Cherrill's performance. Chaplin had been shooting the film for a year and was only a little more than half way finished.[28] From March to April 1930, Chaplin shot the scenes inside of the millionaire's house at the Town House on Wilshire Boulevard. He hired Joe Van Meter and Albert Austin, whom he had known since his days working for Fred Karno, as the burglars.[29] In the late spring of 1930, Chaplin shot the last major comedy sequence: the boxing match.[29] Chaplin hired Keystone actor Hank Mann to play the Tramp's opponent. The scene required 100 extras and Chaplin took four days to rehearse and six to shoot the scene and was shot between June 23 and 30.[30] Chaplin was initially nervous over the attendance for this scene so he invited his friends to be extras. Over 100 extras were present. Chaplin’s performance in the scene was so humorous that more people arrived daily to be an extra.[31]

In July and August, Chaplin finished up six weeks of smaller scenes, including the two scenes of the Tramp being harassed by newsboys, one of whom was played by a young Robert Parrish.[30]

In September 1930, Chaplin finished the shooting of the final scene which took six days.[30] Chaplin said that he was happy with Cherrill's performance in the scene, and that she had eventually understood the role. When talking about his directing style on set, Chaplin stated that "everything I do is a dance. I think in terms of dance. I think more so in City Lights."[21]

From October to December 1930, Chaplin edited the film and created the title cards.[32] When he completed the film, silent films had become generally unpopular. But City Lights was one of the great financial and artistic successes of Chaplin's career, and it was his personal favorite of his films. Especially fond of the final scene, he said, "[I]n City Lights just the last scene ... I’m not acting .... Almost apologetic, standing outside myself and looking ... It’s a beautiful scene, beautiful, and because it isn’t over-acted."[18]

The amount of film used for the picture was uncharacteristic for the time and was a sign of the long production process. Chaplin shot 314,256 feet of film, and the completed film ran 8,093 feet. This made a shooting ratio of over 38 feet of film for each foot of film that made it in the final version.[31]

Music

City Lights marked the first time Chaplin composed the film score to one of his productions.[33] While Chaplin preferred his films to have live sound by the 1930s most theaters had gotten rid of their orchestras. Many of his critics claimed he was doing it to grab more credit. Chaplin, whose parents and many members of the Chaplin family were both musicians, was struggling with the professional musicians he hired and took it upon himself to compose the score himself.[34] It was written in six weeks with Arthur Johnston and included over one hundred musical cues.[35] Chaplin told a reporter that "I really didn't write it down. I la-laed and Arthur Johnson wrote it down, and I wish you would give him credit because he did a very good job. It is all simple music, you know, in keeping with my character."[35] The intention was to have a score that would translate the characters' emotions through its melodies. [36] The score was recorded in five days with musical arranger Alfred Newman.[37]

The main theme used as a leitmotif for the blind flower girl is the song "La Violetera" ("Who’ll Buy my Violets") from Spanish composer José Padilla.[1] Chaplin was unable to secure the original song performer, Raquel Meller, in the lead role, but used her song anyway as a major theme.[38][39] Chaplin lost a lawsuit to Padilla (which took place in Paris, where Padilla lived) for not crediting him.[40][41] Some modern editions released for video include a new recording by Carl Davis.[42]

Release, reception, and legacy

Charlie Chaplin with Albert Einstein at the premiere of City Lights

Two weeks prior to the premiere, Chaplin decided to have an unpublicized preview at Los Angeles' Tower Theatre. It went poorly, attracting a small and unenthusiastic crowd.[37] Better results were seen at the gala premiere on January 30, 1931 at the Los Angeles Theater. Albert Einstein and his wife were the guests of honor, and the film received a standing ovation.[43] It next premiered at the George M. Cohan Theater in New York[44] where Chaplin closely supervised the release, spending the day doing interviews, and previously spending $60,000 on the advertising, as he was frustrated with what UA's publicists had come up with.[45] Chaplin demanded half of the total gross, and considering audiences would be more attracted by the film itself than its technology, he demanded higher ticket prices compared to talkies.[46]

Chaplin was nervous about the film's reception because, by this time, silent films were becoming obsolete, and the preview had undermined his confidence. Nevertheless, City Lights became one of Chaplin's most financially successful and critically acclaimed works. Following the good reception by American audiences, with earnings of $2 million, a quarter of which came from its 12-week run at the Cohan,[46] Chaplin went on a sixteen-date world tour between February and March 1932, starting with a premiere at London's Dominion Theatre on February 27.[47] The film was enthusiastically received by Depression-era audiences, earning $5 million during its initial release.[48]

Reviews were mostly positive. A film critic for the Los Angeles Examiner said that "not since I reviewed the first Chaplin comedies way back in the two-reel days has Charlie given us such an orgy of laughs."[37] The New York Times reviewer Mordaunt Hall considered it "a film worked out with admirable artistry".[49] Variety declared it was "not Chaplin's best picture" but that certain sequences were "hilarious."[50] The New Yorker wrote that it was "on the order of his other [films], perhaps a little better than any of them" and that it gave an impression "not often - oh, very seldom - found in the movies; an indefinable impression perhaps best described as a quality of charm."[51] On the other hand, Alexander Bakshy of The Nation was highly critical of City Lights, objecting to the silent format and over-sentimentality and describing it as "Chaplin's feeblest".[46]

The popularity of City Lights endured, with the film's re-release in 1950 again positively received by audiences and critics. In 1949, the critic James Agee wrote in Life magazine, that the final scene was the "greatest single piece of acting ever committed to celluloid."[52] Richard Meryman called the final scene one of the greatest moments in film history.[32] Charles Silver, Curator of Film at the Museum of Modern Art, stated that the film is so highly regarded because it brought forth a new level of lyrical romanticism that had not appeared in Chaplin's earlier works. He adds that like all romanticism, it is based in the denial of the real world around it. When the film premiered, Chaplin was much older, he was in the midst of another round of legal battles with former spouse Lita Grey, and the economic and political climate of the world had changed. Chaplin uses the Girl's blindness to remind the Tramp of the precarious nature of romanticism in the real world, as she unknowingly assaults him multiple times.[53] Film.com critic Eric D. Snider said that by 1931, most Hollywood filmmakers either embraced talking pictures, resigned themselves to their inevitability, or just gave up making movies, yet Chaplin held firm with his vision in this project. He also noted that few in Hollywood had the clout to make a silent film at that late date, let alone do it well. One reason was that Chaplin knew the Tramp could not be adapted to talking movies and still work.[52]

Several well-known directors have praised City Lights. Orson Welles said it was his favorite film. In a 1963 interview in the American magazine Cinema, Stanley Kubrick rated City Lights as fifth among his top ten films.[54] In 1972, the renowned Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky placed City Lights as fifth among his top ten and said of Chaplin, "He is the only person to have gone down into cinematic history without any shadow of a doubt. The films he left behind can never grow old."[55] George Bernard Shaw called Chaplin "the only genius to come out of the movie industry".[56] Celebrated Italian director Federico Fellini often praised this film, and his Nights of Cabiria refers to it. In the 2003 documentary Charlie: The Life and Art of Charles Chaplin, Woody Allen said it was Chaplin's best picture. Allen is said to have based the final scene of his 1979 film Manhattan on its final scene.[52] Chaplin biographer Jeffrey Vance has summarized all the best criticism and all the notable filmmakers who have singled out City Lights as their favorite Chaplin film throughout the decades in the Criterion Collection audio commentary track for the film.[57] Vance has written that among all the praise afforded the film can be added that "City Lights also holds the distinction of being Chaplin's own favorite of all his films."[58]

French experimental musician and film critic Michel Chion has written an analysis of City Lights, published as Les Lumières de la ville.[59] Slavoj Žižek used the film as a primary example in his essay "Why Does a Letter Always Arrive at Its Destination?".[60] Chaplin's original "Tramp" suit from the film was donated by him to the Museum of Natural History of Los Angeles County.[61]

City Lights was released as a dual format Blu-ray and DVD by the Criterion Collection in 2013 with an audio commentary track by Chaplin biographer and scholar Jeffrey Vance

Accolades

In 1952, Sight and Sound magazine revealed the results of its first poll for "The Best Films of All Time"; City Lights was voted #2, after Vittorio DeSica's Bicycle Thieves.[62] In 2002, City Lights ranked 45th on the critics' list.[63] That same year, directors were polled separately and ranked the film as 19th overall.[64] In 1992, the Library of Congress selected City Lights for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."[65] In 2007, the American Film Institute's tenth anniversary edition of 100 Years... 100 Movies ranked City Lights as the 11th greatest American film of all time, an improvement over the 76th position on the original list.[66] AFI also chose the film as the best romantic comedy of American cinema in 2008's "10 Top 10".[67] The Tramp was number 38 on AFI's list of the 50 Best Heroes,[68] and the film ranked at 38th among the funniest films,[69] 10th among the greatest love stories,[70] and 33rd on the most inspiring films.[71]


The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Chaplin as a composer". CharlieChaplin.com.
  2. ↑ Snider, Eric D. (February 15, 2010). "What's the Big Deal: City Lights (1931)". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. seattlepi.com. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
  3. ↑ Kamin 2008, p. 136.
  4. ↑ Robinson 1985, p. 387.
  5. 1 2 3 Robinson 1985, p. 389.
  6. ↑ Robinson 1985, p. 391.
  7. ↑ Robinson 1985, p. 393.
  8. ↑ Milton 1998, p. 2000.
  9. ↑ Chaplin 1964, p. 325.
  10. ↑ Robinson 1985, p. 295.
  11. ↑ Robinson 1985, p. 296-7.
  12. ↑ Weissman 2008, p. 71-4.
  13. ↑ Weissman. p. 64.
  14. ↑ Weissman. p. 65.
  15. ↑ Chaplin 1964, p. 326.
  16. ↑ Weissman 2008, p. 67.
  17. 1 2 Robinson 1985, p. 398.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Robinson, David (2004). "Filming City Lights". CharlieChaplin.com. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
  19. 1 2 Robinson 1985, p. 399.
  20. 1 2 Robinson 1985, p. 400.
  21. 1 2 3 Robinson 1985, p. 401.
  22. ↑ Robinson 1985, p. 402.
  23. ↑ Robinson 1985, p. 402-3.
  24. ↑ Robinson 1985, p. 403.
  25. ↑ Robinson 1985, p. 404.
  26. 1 2 Robinson 1985, p. 405.
  27. 1 2 3 Robinson 1985, p. 406.
  28. ↑ Robinson 1985, p. 407.
  29. 1 2 Robinson 1985, p. 408.
  30. 1 2 3 Robinson 1985, p. 409.
  31. 1 2 Maland, City Lights, British Film Institution, 2007
  32. 1 2 Robinson 1985, p. 410.
  33. ↑ Robinson 1985, p. 411.
  34. ↑ Molyneaux, Charles Chaplin’s “City Lights”: Its Production and Dialectical Structure, 1983
  35. 1 2 Robinson 1985, p. 412.
  36. ↑ Chaplin 1964, p. 329.
  37. 1 2 3 Robinson 1985, p. 413.
  38. ↑ "Portrait of Charlie Chaplin's Favourite for Sale at Bonhams". Art Daily. Retrieved November 22, 2010.
  39. ↑ "Luces de la ciudad" (in Spanish). ABC (Madrid). July 27, 1962. p. 30.
  40. ↑ "José Padilla" (in Spanish). El Poder de la Palabra.
  41. ↑ "Biografía de José Padilla Sánchez" (in Spanish). Marielilasagabaster.net.
  42. ↑ Ebert, Roger. "City Lights (1931)". Chicago Sun-Times.
  43. ↑ Robinson 1985, p. 414.
  44. ↑ Robinson 1985, p. 415.
  45. ↑ Chaplin 1964, p. 332.
  46. 1 2 3 Flom 1997, p. 73-4.
  47. ↑ Maland 2007, p. 107.
  48. ↑ Schroeder, Carl (January 2008). "Program Note" (PDF). Minnesota Orchestra. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
  49. ↑ Hall, Mordaunt (February 7, 1931). "Movie Review - City Lights - CHAPLIN HILARIOUS IN HIS 'CITY LIGHTS'; Tramp's Antics in Non-Dialogue Film Bring Roars of Laughter at Cohan Theatre.TAKES FLING AT "TALKIES"Pathos Is Mingled With Mirth in a Production of Admirable Artistry.". The New York Times. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
  50. ↑ "Film Reviews". Variety. New York: Variety, Inc.: 14 February 11, 1931. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
  51. ↑ Mosher, John C. (February 21, 1931). "The Current Cinema". The New Yorker. New York: F-R Publishing Company: 60–61.
  52. 1 2 3 Snider, Eric D. (February 15, 2010). "What's the Big Deal: City Lights". Film.com. Seattlepi.com. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  53. ↑ Silver, Charles (August 31, 2010). "Charles Chaplin's City Lights". The Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  54. ↑ Ciment, Michel (1982). "Kubrick" Biographical Notes". VisualMemory.com. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  55. ↑ Lasica, Tom (March 1993). "Tarkovsky's Choice". Sight & Sound. British Film Institute. 3 (3). Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  56. ↑ Gladysz, Thomas (November 24, 2010). "Two New Releases Show Genius of Charlie Chaplin". Huffington Post. Retrieved May 10, 2011.
  57. ↑ Vance, Jeffrey. audio commentary track to The Criterion Collection DVD/Blu-ray edition of City Lights. 2013.
  58. ↑ Vance, Jeffrey (2003). Chaplin: Genius of the Cinema. New York: Harry N. Abrams, pg. 208 ISBN 0-8109-4532-0.
  59. ↑ Chion 1989.
  60. ↑ Zizek 2013, pp. 1-9.
  61. ↑ "The Charles Chaplin Collections at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County". British Film Institute. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
  62. ↑ "The Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll: 1952 Critics' Poll". British Film Institute. September 5, 2006. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  63. ↑ "The Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002: The rest of the critics' list". British Film Institute. September 5, 2006. Archived from the original on May 15, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  64. ↑ "The Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002: The rest of the directors' list". British Film Institute. September 5, 2006. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  65. ↑ National Film Registry Archived April 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine., National Film Preservation Board, Library of Congress; Retrieved April 16, 2012
  66. ↑ "AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 17, 2010.
  67. ↑ "AFI's Top 10 Romantic Comedies". American Film Institute. June 17, 2008. Retrieved June 18, 2008.
  68. ↑ "AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes & Villains". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 17, 2010.
  69. ↑ "AFI's 100 YEARS...100 LAUGHS". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
  70. ↑ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions" (PDF). American Film Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
  71. ↑ "AFI 100 Cheers". June 14, 2006. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
  72. ↑ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies" (PDF). American Film Institute. Retrieved 2016-08-06.
  73. ↑ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs" (PDF). American Film Institute. Retrieved 2016-08-06.
  74. ↑ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions" (PDF). American Film Institute. Retrieved 2016-08-06.
  75. ↑ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains" (PDF). American Film Institute. Retrieved 2016-08-06.
  76. ↑ "AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-08-06.
  77. ↑ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers" (PDF). American Film Institute. Retrieved 2016-08-06.
  78. ↑ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)" (PDF). American Film Institute. Retrieved 2016-08-06.
  79. ↑ "AFI's 10 Top 10: Top 10 Romantic Comedy". American Film Institute. Retrieved 2016-08-06.

Bibliography

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