Champernowne distribution

In statistics, the Champernowne distribution is a symmetric, continuous probability distribution, describing random variables that take both positive and negative values. It is a generalization of the logistic distribution that was introduced by D. G. Champernowne.^[1]^[2]^[3] Champernowne developed the distribution to describe the logarithm of income.^[2]

Definition

The Champernowne distribution has a probability density function given by

f(y;\alpha ,\lambda ,y_{0})={\frac {n}{\cosh[\alpha (y-y_{0})]+\lambda }},\qquad -\infty <y<\infty ,

where $\alpha ,\lambda ,y_{0}$ are positive parameters, and n is the normalizing constant, which depends on the parameters. The density may be rewritten as

f(y)={\frac {n}{1/2e^{{\alpha (y-y_{0})}}+\lambda +1/2e^{{-\alpha (y-y_{0})}}}},

using the fact that $\cosh y=(e^{y}+e^{{-y}})/2.$

Properties

The density f(y) defines a symmetric distribution with median y₀, which has tails somewhat heavier than a normal distribution.

Special cases

In the special case $\lambda =1$ it is the Burr Type XII density.

When $y_{0}=0,\alpha =1,\lambda =1$ ,

f(y)={\frac {1}{e^{y}+2+e^{{-y}}}}={\frac {e^{y}}{(1+e^{y})^{2}}},

which is the density of the standard logistic distribution.

Distribution of income

If the distribution of Y, the logarithm of income, has a Champernowne distribution, then the density function of the income X = exp(Y) is^[1]

f(x)={\frac {n}{x[1/2(x/x_{0})^{{-\alpha }}+\lambda +a/2(x/x_{0})^{\alpha }]}},\qquad x>0,

where x₀ = exp(y₀) is the median income. If λ = 1, this distribution is often called the Fisk distribution,^[4] which has density

f(x)={\frac {\alpha x^{{\alpha -1}}}{x_{0}^{\alpha }[1+(x/x_{0})^{\alpha }]^{2}}},\qquad x>0.

References

1 2 C. Kleiber and S. Kotz (2003). Statistical Size Distributions in Economics and Actuarial Sciences. New York: Wiley. Section 7.3 "Champernowne Distribution."
1 2 Champernowne, D. G. (1952). "The graduation of income distributions". Econometrica. 20: 591–614. doi:10.2307/1907644. JSTOR 1907644.
↑ Champernowne, D. G. (1953). "A Model of Income Distribution". The Economic Journal. 63 (250): 318–351. doi:10.2307/2227127. JSTOR 2227127.
↑ Fisk, P. R. (1961). "The graduation of income distributions". Econometrica. 29: 171–185. doi:10.2307/1909287.

Probability distributions

List

Discrete univariate with finite support	Benford Bernoulli beta-binomial binomial categorical hypergeometric Poisson binomial Rademacher discrete uniform Zipf Zipf–Mandelbrot

Discrete univariate with infinite support	beta negative binomial Borel Conway–Maxwell–Poisson discrete phase-type Delaporte extended negative binomial Gauss–Kuzmin geometric logarithmic negative binomial parabolic fractal Poisson Skellam Yule–Simon zeta

Continuous univariate supported on a bounded interval	arcsine ARGUS Balding–Nichols Bates beta beta rectangular Irwin–Hall Kumaraswamy logit-normal noncentral beta raised cosine reciprocal triangular U-quadratic uniform Wigner semicircle

Continuous univariate supported on a semi-infinite interval	Benini Benktander 1st kind Benktander 2nd kind beta prime Burr chi-squared chi Dagum Davis exponential-logarithmic Erlang exponential F folded normal Flory–Schulz Fréchet gamma gamma/Gompertz generalized inverse Gaussian Gompertz half-logistic half-normal Hotelling's T-squared hyper-Erlang hyperexponential hypoexponential inverse chi-squared scaled inverse chi-squared inverse Gaussian inverse gamma Kolmogorov Lévy log-Cauchy log-Laplace log-logistic log-normal Lomax matrix-exponential Maxwell–Boltzmann Maxwell–Jüttner Mittag-Leffler Nakagami noncentral chi-squared Pareto phase-type poly-Weibull Rayleigh relativistic Breit–Wigner Rice shifted Gompertz truncated normal type-2 Gumbel Weibull Discrete Weibull Wilks's lambda

Continuous univariate supported on the whole real line	Cauchy exponential power Fisher's z Gaussian q generalized normal generalized hyperbolic geometric stable Gumbel Holtsmark hyperbolic secant Johnson's S_U Landau Laplace asymmetric Laplace logistic noncentral t normal (Gaussian) normal-inverse Gaussian skew normal slash stable Student's t type-1 Gumbel Tracy–Widom variance-gamma Voigt

Continuous univariate with support whose type varies	generalized extreme value generalized Pareto Tukey lambda q-Gaussian q-exponential q-Weibull shifted log-logistic

Mixed continuous-discrete univariate	rectified Gaussian

Multivariate (joint)	Discrete Ewens multinomial Dirichlet-multinomial negative multinomial Continuous Dirichlet generalized Dirichlet multivariate normal multivariate stable multivariate t normal-inverse-gamma normal-gamma Matrix-valued inverse matrix gamma inverse-Wishart matrix normal matrix t matrix gamma normal-inverse-Wishart normal-Wishart Wishart

Directional	Univariate (circular) directional Circular uniform univariate von Mises wrapped normal wrapped Cauchy wrapped exponential wrapped asymmetric Laplace wrapped Lévy Bivariate (spherical) Kent Bivariate (toroidal) bivariate von Mises Multivariate von Mises–Fisher Bingham

Degenerate and singular	Degenerate Dirac delta function Singular Cantor

Families	Circular compound Poisson elliptical exponential natural exponential location-scale maximum entropy mixture Pearson Tweedie wrapped

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