Central Unit

Main entrance of the Central Unit

The Central Unit (C, previously the Imperial State Prison Farm and the Central State Prison Farm) was a Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) men's prison in Sugar Land, Texas. The approximately 325.8-acre (131.8 ha) facility is 2 miles (3.2 km) from central Sugar Land on U.S. Highway 90A. The unit first opened in April 1909.[1] The unit had 950 beds for men.[2] The unit was adjacent to Sugar Land Regional Airport, with the runway between two parts of the prison property.[3] The Central Unit was the only state prison within the city limits of Sugar Land.[4]

In August 2011, the TDCJ announced that it would be the first prison in Texas to close and not be replaced.[5] Today, most of the former prison plantation land at its largest extent makes up the Telfair master planned community, which the real estate development company Newland Communities bought from the State of Texas in 2002.

History

Captain Veale, 1908

Correctional facilities first opened in the Imperial Sugar property in 1878, when the state convict lease to private companies. The State of Texas bought the 5,200-acre (2,100 ha) area in 1908.[6] The Imperial State Prison Farm, one of the first penal institutions owned by the State of Texas opened in 1909 in the Imperial Sugar plantation.[2][7] The state had purchased the land from Imperial Sugar in 1908.[8] Originally it had 3,700 acres (1,500 ha) and was the hub of the Texas state correctional agriculture production.[2] In 1930 the facility was renamed the Central State Prison Farm.[2] The name "Central" originates from the prison's status as the central farming and distribution point of agricultural goods from correctional facilities for many years.[9]

Construction of a new unit of the Central Farm funded by the 41st Texas Legislature began in late 1930. The $350,000 unit was completed in late 1932 and consisted of 12 acres (4.9 ha) of land, including a main building with administration and inmate housing and an industrial facilities building with a canner, meatpacking plant, and powerhouse.[2] The state intended for Central to become the central intake and rehabilitation prison in the prison system.[6] In the mid-1930s Central had nearly 700 prisoners.[2] In 1935 Central housed White and African American prisoners.[10] In the 1950s the prison had over 1,000 inmates.[6] In 1963, before racial desegregation occurred, the facility housed first offenders and white male prisoners under 25 years of age, and Central Unit II housed male African American second offenders under the age of 25.[11]

A trustee at the Imperial State Farm with the daughter of Captain Veale, 1907-1909

In 1991 3,700 acres (1,500 ha) of land was transferred to the Texas Department of Transportation for the construction of Texas State Highway 99 (Grand Parkway) and other highways; much of that land included territory that was originally a part of the Central Unit.[12] By 2007 surrounding development over the years reduced the prison to 336 acres (136 ha).[2]

In 2000 the prison had the "Texas Fresh Approach" program, a collaborative developed by the TDCJ, Miller Brewing Co., and the Texas Association of Second Harvest Food Banks. As part of the program, prisoners grew vegetables which were sent to food banks throughout Texas. The TDCJ officials said that prisoners learned about the value of hard work and helping others. Miller paid for the transportation of vegetables in the "Fighting Hunger in Texas" program.[13]

In March 2007 39-year-old David Shane Roberts escaped from the Central Unit.[14]

View of the Central Unit from U.S. Highway 90A

Closure

By 2007 residential development began to surround the prison.[12] In addition the Central Unit is in land zoned for expansion of the Sugar Land Regional Airport.[15] The airport was considering expansion of its facilities, and the airport awaited a $30 million federal grant to study possibilities of expansion. The City of Sugar Land made moving the facility one of its main priorities for the 2007 legislative session. John Whitmire, a member of the Texas State Senate, advocated moving the facility to an area in Brazoria County, Texas near the community of Rosharon. The area has several existing TDCJ facilities, and Whitmire said that a prison in that location would be more inexpensive to operate and would allow for the state to alleviate a shortage of correction personnel by consolidating staff members.[12] In 2007 TDCJ officials said that discussions to move the Central Unit from Sugar Land to Brazoria County were preliminary. During the same year, Whitmire promoted a bill calling for a study for the feasibility of selling the land that makes up the Central Unit. The bill awaited the signature of Governor of Texas Rick Perry. As of that year the Texas General Land Office estimated the value of the land to $10.1 million. Hal Croft, the acting deputy director of asset management of the land office, said in a press release "That property is like the center of a doughnut — prime property now because it has been surrounded by development."[2] If the prison is sold, the funds gained from selling the prison would be used to fund public schools; they cannot be used to build another prison facility.[12]

By 2008 the city and the state were conducting a joint study researching whether the TDCJ should close the Central Unit and sell the land. Mayor of Sugar Land Dave Wallace said "Let's just say that a prison is not the highest and best use for that land right now."[16] During that year the TDCJ granted the prison's access easements to the City of Sugar Land.[17] By 2009 the City of Sugar Land had already zoned the land that the prison currently occupies to a light industrial commercial park zone. Allen Bogard, the City Manager of Sugar Land, said that he believed that the Central Unit property "has a much higher purpose and value to the state of Texas to be utilized for economic development purposes." Some Sugar Land residents supported the idea of the prison leaving. Some residents feared that sexually oriented businesses such as strip clubs could open in a light industrial commercial park zone formed by the absence of the prison. By 2009 the airport received a $2 million grant for airport expansion, and the grant could be used to buy the prison property.[18] In 2009 the State of Texas authorized the purchase of the Smithville portion by the City of Sugar Land.[19] If the prison closes, the TDCJ would lose the Central Unit's 1,060 prisoner beds.[20]

By 2010, due to the expansion of Greater Houston, housing developments such as Chelsea Harbor have appeared within .5 miles (0.80 km) of the prison grounds.[21] In February 2011 the prison had 330 acres (130 ha) of land remaining.[22]

In mid-2011 the State of Texas had a severe budget shortfall, and the shortfall convinced state legislators that they needed to close the unit.[23] On Monday May 30, 2011, the regular session of the 82nd Texas Legislature concluded. The legislature voted to close the Central Unit by removing funding on September 1 of that year.[24] Mike Ward of the Austin American-Statesman said that, one week prior to the decision, "it appeared" that the Central Unit would remain open because legislators questioned whether removing capacity for 1,500 prisoners was a good decision.[25]

In August 2011, Texas Department of Criminal Justice announced that the prison will be closing. Spokesperson Michelle Lyons said it will become the first prison in Texas history to close and not be replaced.[5] 71 prison guards will go to other prisons to work. On Tuesday August 2, 2011, 200 prison guards and 80 prisoners remained to move the trucking hub and soap factory out of Central. The Roach Unit was scheduled to take the former Central soap factory and the Ramsey Unit was scheduled to take the trucking hub. By the end of August, the prison was scheduled to be completely vacant.[26]

The state planned to spread the prisoners throughout the state, and not place too many Central prisoners at any remaining unit.[24] Many prisoners went to the Jester State Prison Farm family of units and the Darrington Unit.[27] The legislature estimated that the closure would mean annual savings of $1.25 million.[23] After the closure, the Texas General Land Office took possession of the property. Central Unit had operated for 112 years.[27]

Mike Ward of the Austin American-Statesman stated that the three factors that lead to the closure of the Central Unit were the expansion of suburban development, the stabilization of the state's adult prison population, and pressure to take budget cuts.[6] Herman Weston was the unit's final warden.[28]

Post-closure

The episode of Ghost Adventures about the Central Unit first aired on Friday September 14, 2012.[29]

As of 2014 the City of Sugar Land plans to convert much of the property into an industrial park.[30] The city government of Sugar Land approved paying Hines Interests Limited Partnership $207,800 as part of a contract in order to do a feasibility study on the new usage of the land in mid-November 2014.[31]

Operations and composition

Aerial photograph of the Central Unit and Sugar Land Regional Airport on January 27, 2002 - U.S. Geological Survey

The unit, with 336 acres (136 ha) of land,[32] was located .75 miles (1.21 km) from the intersection of Texas State Highway 6 and U.S. Highway 90A.[33] The Central Unit property includes the main prison unit and the Smithville Prison Property (CPU).[34] The prison property is adjacent to the Sugar Land Regional Airport. Prisoners grow crops on land next to the airport's runway.[4] Many of the remaining buildings used an Art Deco architecture style.[23] The unit was in proximity to several neighborhoods.[35]

The unit was in proximity to Harris County and Hospital Galveston; as of 2009 Harris County sentenced more criminals into TDCJ than any other county in Texas, and the TDCJ assigned some prisoners to the Central Unit so the prisoners resided closer to their areas. The proximity to Hospital Galveston allowed for Central Unit prisoners to have convenient access to health care services.[36]

As of 2004 Central served as a minimum security unit for about 1,000 prisoners. Most of its prisoners were first time offenders. The prisoners were housed in the Main Building, twelve prefabricated dormitories separate from the main building but inside the compound, and in a trusty camp outside of the prison compound.[7] Prisoners grew crops several dozen yards from one of the runways at Sugar Land Regional Airport.[16]

The compound included 113 housing units for staff members and their families; the units include 48 duplexes, 42 officer's quarters, 9 mobile home spaces, and 14 single family units.[20] If Central closes, state employee housing would likely not be available for many TDCJ employees who transfer to other units.[36]

Central Unit included a detergent and soap factory, a mechanic shop, a freight transportation terminal, and farming operations.[37] Sugar Land Distribution Center (SLDC), a men's correctional facility supply warehouse, was inside the unit.[33]

Main prison

In February 2011, the main prison property was located on 245 acres (99 ha) of land. 80% of the land was raw land.[22]

The Central Barber Shop, the prison barber shop, was located in the tower structure.[38] The Austin American-Statesman said that a cohort of the criminal duo Bonnie and Clyde was said to have lived in a closet within the tower structure.[39]

Smithville Prison Property

Smithville

The Smithville Prison Property (29°37′03″N 95°39′09″W / 29.61750°N 95.65250°W / 29.61750; -95.65250), near the northwest corner of Texas State Highway 6 and U.S. Highway 90A and east of the runway of Sugar Land Regional Airport,[40] had employee housing and farmland. In 2010 it had 96 acres (39 ha) of land.[41] In February 2011 it had 85 acres (34 ha) of land.[22] Smithville was adjacent to the airport's southeast corner.[42] The road in Smithville was lined with trees. The prison warden and other top officials lived there.[6]

The State of Texas agreed to allow the TDCJ to sell it to Sugar Land in 2009.[19] The City of Sugar Land stated that the current employee housing is "unusable" and plans to demolish the housing to make way for executive hangar sites. 16 acres (6.5 ha) of the land will be used for the relocation of a parallel airport taxiway, and the remaining land will contain airport development.[41] The City of Sugar Land stated that the acquisition of Smithville was a "key project for the Airport in fiscal year 2010."[43]

History of composition

Topographical map of the Central Prison Farm, the Jester Prison Farm (Jester I, Jester II (Carol Vance), Jester III, and Jester IV) and Sugar Land Regional Airport, July 1, 1990, U.S. Geological Survey

When the State of Texas acquired the land in 1908, the prison property had 5,435 acres (2,199 ha) of land. Since then the state sold parcels of the Central Unit, reducing its size. From 1921 to 1984, the state sold a total of 945 acres (382 ha) to private individuals and industries. A 1935 resurvey by the Texas State Reclamation Department caused the facility to lose 148 acres (60 ha). In 1964 130 acres (53 ha) were transferred to the Texas State Highway Department. In 1985 the Texas State Highway and Public Transportation Commission took ownership of 109 acres (44 ha). In 1986 the Fort Bend Independent School District took control of 56 acres (23 ha). In 1991 the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation took 3,697 acres (1,496 ha). In 2001 14 acres (5.7 ha) were transferred to the Permanent School Fund.[32]

Two Camp, a former brick building of the Central Unit, now the Houston Museum of Natural Science Sugar Land

In 1932 a concrete housing unit for 600 prisoners opened, replacing wooden barracks that were situated at three work camps. Prominent architects had designed the concrete building. It includes a cupola that prison guards once used as a lookout.[6]

A Greek Revival brick building of the Central Unit located east of the Brazos River, named Two Camp, opened in 1939. At one time it housed 400 young African-American prisoners. The facility closed in 1969. Don Hudson, who served as an employee of the Texas Prison System, stated that there were two possible reasons why Two Camp closed. Newspaper articles of the era stated that Two Camp was antiquated, and Hudson said that a second possibility is that prison officials may have intended to sell the land occupied by Two Camp to private developers.[44]

The building remained unoccupied for several decades.[44] In 2002 the State of Texas sold the parcel with the former dormitory to Newland Communities.[45] Newland decided to restore the building, which had some broken windows and some loose exterior bricks. The company arranged to place a new metal roof on the building. City officials and local historians positively reacted to the decision from Newland. Around 2005 Newland began development of the Telfair subdivision,[44] located on former prison property,[46] around the former Two Camp Building.[44] In 2009 the 43,000 square feet (4,000 m2) Two Camp Building and its surrounding land became the Houston Museum of Natural Science Sugar Land. The subdivision donated the building and land to the City of Sugar Land, and the city leases the building to the museum. The museum spent $3 million to help renovate the building.[45]

School zoning

Residents of the staff housing were zoned to the Fort Bend Independent School District.[3][47] Residents of the main Central Unit property were zoned to Cornerstone Elementary School,[48] Sartartia Middle School,[49] and Austin High School.[50] Residents of the Smithville property were zoned to Lakeview Elementary School,[48] Sugar Land Middle School,[49] and Kempner High School.[50]

In 2006 Smithville was rezoned from Kempner to Austin,[51] with grades 9-10 immediately zoned to Austin,[52] and grades 11-12 zoned to Kempner, with a phasing in by grade.[53] Smithville had since been rezoned back to Kempner.[50]

Cemetery

The Imperial State Farm Cemetery, a small prison cemetery located on the south side of U.S. Highway 90A in the northwest part of Telfair, has graves of deceased prisoners. The cemetery, also known as the Old Imperial Farm Cemetery, has at least 33 graves, with the earliest three dated from 1912. Most graves belong to African American inmates, the earliest of whom were arrested for trumped up charges under the discriminatory Black Codes and forced to labor for private companies under the practice of convict leasing widespread in the South after the end of slavery after the American Civil War.[54] At least one grave remarks that the inmate drowned while attempting to escape. Three graves are post dated to the 1930s.[7]

The cemetery was once open to the public, but is now surrounded by two fences with the inner one locked to protect the site. It was declared an Historic Texas Cemetery in 2007.[54] The city of Sugar Land announced in 2012 plans to build a park on the surrounding undeveloped land, with plans drawn up the same year. The park would include the cemetery with a walkway encircling it.[55] However, the failed passage of a bond proposition for the park halted the project in November 2013.[54]

The Texas Historical Commission-designated caretaker of the cemetery and former Texas Department of Corrections employee, Reginald Moore, has criticized the City of Sugar Land and state of Texas for attempting to erase the history of the Black Codes.[56] Moore, who is also the founder of the Texas Slave Descendant Society, and others such as anthropologist Fred McGhee have called for commemoration of the graveyard and its occupants.[56] Sugar Land officials denied the claims of covering up the racial history of the city, but said that a historical marker would be erected at the site of the cemetery would memorialize injustices against African Americans in the Texas prison system during the late 1800s and early 1900s.[54] Activists of the Texas Slave Descendant Society said that a museum would be more appropriate for the commemoration, while citing that federal historical laws had been circumvented by the City.[54] As a response, a United States federal agency, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, began an investigation into the issue in early 2014.[54]

Notable inmates

References

  1. ↑ "Central Unit Archived July 25, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.." Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved on May 9, 2010.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Lowman, John. "Talk of prison move preliminary." Brazosport Facts. Wednesday June 6, 2007. Retrieved on May 9, 2010.
  3. 1 2 "WEB0425central_unit_391623k.jpg." Austin American-Statesman. Retrieved on May 9, 2010.
  4. 1 2 Hanson, Eric. "Historic prison may be closed." Houston Chronicle. March 22, 2008. Retrieved on April 30, 2011.
  5. 1 2 Goodwin, Liz. "Texas to close prison for first time in state history". Retrieved on Aug. 4, 2011.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ward, Mike. "As prison closes, could others be next?" Austin American-Statesman. Thursday August 11, 2011. Updated on Friday August 12, 2011. Retrieved on September 23, 2011.
  7. 1 2 3 Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Turner Publishing Company, 2004. 61. ISBN 1-56311-964-1, ISBN 978-1-56311-964-4.
  8. ↑ "Convict Leasing and State Account Farming (1883-1909)." Texas State Library and Archives. Retrieved on April 29, 2011.
  9. ↑ "1995 Annual Report." Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved on July 21, 2010.
  10. ↑ Trulson, Chad R., James W. Marquart, and Ben M. Crouch. First Available Cell: Desegregation of the Texas Prison System. University of Texas Press, 2009. 81. Retrieved from Google Books on July 16, 2010. ISBN 0-292-71983-3, ISBN 978-0-292-71983-5.
  11. ↑ Trulson, Chad R., James W. Marquart, and Ben M. Crouch. First Available Cell: Desegregation of the Texas Prison System. University of Texas Press, 2009. 82. Retrieved from Google Books on July 16, 2010. ISBN 0-292-71983-3, ISBN 978-0-292-71983-5.
  12. 1 2 3 4 "State to study sale of Central Unit prison." Associated Press at The Dallas Morning News. June 5, 2007. Retrieved on May 9, 2010.
  13. ↑ "'Stros open Enron stadium in 'Classic' business decision." Houston Business Journal. Sunday December 17, 2000. 3. Retrieved on February 6, 2012.
  14. ↑ Garay, Mark. "Search underway for escaped prisoner from Sugar Land unit." KTRK-TV. March 26, 2007. Retrieved on May 9, 2010.
  15. ↑ Pina, Kim. "What's in store for Sugar Land's airport?." Houston Chronicle. April 18, 2008. Retrieved on June 13, 2009.
  16. 1 2 "Old prison may be closed for land use." Associated Press at News 8 Austin. March 23, 2008. Retrieved on July 21, 2010.
  17. ↑ "TDCJ move boosts Sugar Land Airport." Fort Bend Herald. Thursday April 3, 2008. Retrieved on April 29, 2011.
  18. ↑ "Prison leaving Sugar Land?" KTRK-TV. Wednesday January 7, 2009. Retrieved on May 10, 2010.
  19. 1 2 "REP. MADDEN - FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL REPRESENTATIVES PARTNER WITH AIRPORT TO ENSURE STRONG ECONOMY." Texas House of Representatives. Friday September 4, 2009. Retrieved on July 21, 2010.
  20. 1 2 "Feasibility Study of Relocating the Central Unit Archived June 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.." Texas Department of Criminal Justice. January 2009. 11 (12/45). Retrieved on July 21, 2010.
  21. ↑ Ward, Mike. "Are trusty camps a weak link in Texas prison security?." (Archive)Austin American-Statesman. Saturday April 24, 2010. Updated on Sunday April 25, 2010. Retrieved on May 9, 2010.
  22. 1 2 3 Dawson, Jennifer. "Sugar Land seeks to develop prison for industrial use." Houston Business Journal. Friday February 25, 2011. Retrieved on April 11, 2012.
  23. 1 2 3 Grissom, Brandi. "Prison Closing Pleases City and Helps State Budget." The New York Times. August 19, 2011. Retrieved on September 23, 2011.
  24. 1 2 "82nd Legislature: Post Legislative Session update." (PDF) Texas Department of Criminal Justice. July–August 2011. Retrieved on September 23, 2011.
  25. ↑ Ward, Mike. "Budget writers agree to shut old prison." Austin American-Statesman. Tuesday May 17, 2011. Retrieved on September 23, 2011.
  26. ↑ Ward, Mike. "Texas closing prison as part of cutbacks" (). Austin American-Statesman at the Killeen Daily Herald. Wednesday August 3, 2011. Retrieved on September 23, 2011.
  27. 1 2 "State closes historic Sugar Land prison." The Rancher. Thursday September 1, 2011. Retrieved on September 23, 2011.
  28. ↑ "Central Unit prison in Sugarland closes 14 of 18." Austin American-Statesman. Sunday September 4, 2011. Retrieved on November 23, 2011.
  29. ↑ "Central Unit Prison." Travel Channel. Retrieved on November 18, 2012.
  30. ↑ Miller, Doug. "Sugar Land hopes to turn prison land into industrial park" (Archive). KHOU-TV. August 1, 2014. Retrieved on October 30, 2015.
  31. ↑ Fletcher, LaDawn. "Former prison site could get new life in Sugar Land." Houston Chronicle. Tuesday, January 20, 2015. Retrieved on October 30, 2015.
  32. 1 2 "Feasibility Study of Relocating the Central Unit Archived June 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.." Texas Department of Criminal Justice. January 2009. Page 2 (3/45). Retrieved on July 21, 2010.
  33. 1 2 "Sugar Land Distribution Center." Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved on May 22, 2010.
  34. ↑ "Feasibility Study of Relocating the Central Unit Archived June 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.." Texas Department of Criminal Justice. January 2009. "Potential Economic & Tax Impact of Central Prison Unit & Smithville Property Redevelopment" Page 1 (24/45). Retrieved on July 21, 2010.
  35. ↑ McCall, Katie. "Sugar Land prison considered for closure." KTRK-TV. Wednesday January 19, 2011. Retrieved on November 23, 2011.
  36. 1 2 "Feasibility Study of Relocating the Central Unit Archived June 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.." Texas Department of Criminal Justice. January 2009. Page 13 (14/45). Retrieved on July 21, 2010.
  37. ↑ Shauk, Zain. "Prison on the block." Houston Chronicle. January 20, 2011. Retrieved on April 30, 2011. Click on image to get second image with caption "The unit currently runs the state prison system's soap and detergent factory, a small set of farms, a mechanic shop and freight transportation terminal."
  38. ↑ "Central Unit prison in Sugarland closes 8 of 18." Austin American-Statesman. Sunday September 4, 2011. Retrieved on November 23, 2011.
  39. ↑ "Central Unit prison in Sugarland closes 6 of 18." Austin American-Statesman. Sunday September 4, 2011. Retrieved on November 23, 2011.
  40. ↑ Dunn, Bob. "House Bill Would Require Sale Of Prison Land To Sugar Land For Airport Expansion." Fort Bend Now. April 1, 2009. Retrieved on July 21, 2010.
  41. 1 2 "Smithville Land Acquisition." (Archive) City of Sugar Land. 1/3. Retrieved on July 21, 2010.
  42. ↑ "Annual Budget for October 1, 30 September 2009, 2010." City of Sugar Land. 216 (228/366). Retrieved on July 21, 2010.
  43. ↑ "Annual Budget for October 1, 30 September 2009, 2010." City of Sugar Land. iii (9/366). Retrieved on July 21, 2010.
  44. 1 2 3 4 Hanson, Eric. "Once home to a prison, now a part of home." Houston Chronicle. November 25, 2006. Retrieved on November 19, 2010.
  45. 1 2 Hanson, Eric. "Houston museum branching out." Houston Chronicle. January 24, 2008. Retrieved on November 19, 2010.
  46. ↑ Shauk, Zain. "Plan to close Sugar Land prison could save millions, free up land." Houston Chronicle. Friday January 21, 2011. Retrieved on September 23, 2011.
  47. ↑ "agdist.jpg." Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved on July 21, 2010.
  48. 1 2 "Elementary School Attendance Zones." Fort Bend Independent School District. Retrieved on September 23, 2010.
  49. 1 2 "Middle School Attendance Zones." Fort Bend Independent School District. Retrieved on September 23, 2010.
  50. 1 2 3 "High School Attendance Zones." Fort Bend Independent School District. Retrieved on September 21, 2010.
  51. ↑ "2006–2007 SCHOOL BUS SCHEDULE." Fort Bend Independent School District. Retrieved on September 23, 2010.
  52. ↑ "High School Attendance Zones Effective Fall 2006 9th and 10th Grades." Fort Bend Independent School District. Retrieved on September 23, 2006.
  53. ↑ "High School Zone Effective Fall 2006 11th and 12th Grades." Fort Bend Independent School District. Retrieved on September 23, 2010.
  54. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Zach Haverkamp (April 2014). "Activists at odds with city over cemetery, former site of Imperial State Prison Farm". Sugar Land Sun.
  55. ↑ Betsy Dolan. "Residents get first look at proposed park in Telfair". Fort Bend Star.
  56. 1 2 Zach Haverkamp (March 2014). "Ghosts of Sugar Land". Sugar Land Sun.
  57. ↑ Perkinson, Robert. Texas Tough: The Rise of America's Prison Empire. First Edition. Metropolitan Books, 2010. 184. ISBN 978-0-8050-8069-8.
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