Carduus
| Carduus | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Carduus crispus | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Eudicots |
| (unranked): | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Subfamily: | Carduoideae |
| Tribe: | Cynareae |
| Genus: | Carduus L. |
| Species | |
|
90+, see text | |
| Synonyms | |
Carduus is a genus of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae, and the tribe Cynareae, one of two genera considered to be true thistles, the other being Cirsium.[1] Plants of the genus are known commonly as plumeless thistles.[2][3] They are native to Eurasia and Africa, and several are known elsewhere as introduced species.[3] This genus is noted for its disproportionately high number of noxious weeds compared to other flowering plant genera.[4]
Etymology
The genus name Carduus is from the Latin for "a kind of thistle"[5] or "thistlelike plant".[3] It is related to the word Cardonnacum ("a place of chardons or thistles"), which is the origin of Chardonnay, the name of the grape variety.[6] It is also related to the word card, which as a noun means a device (often a stiff-bristled brush) for aligning and cleaning fibers, and as a verb means the action of processing fibers in that way.
Description
These are usually annual or biennial herbs, sometimes perennial. Species often grow 2 meters in height but are known to reach 4 meters. The erect stems are winged and spiny, and usually have woolly hairs. The leaf blades are hairy to hairless and entire or divided into lobes, and they have spine-toothed edges. The flower heads are solitary or borne in inflorescences of up to 20. The head is spherical to cylindrical and covered in several layers of spreading or curving spine-tipped phyllaries. It contains long, tubular disc florets in shades of white, pink, or purple. The fruit is a cypsela tipped with a pappus of barbed bristles or scales.[3]
Ecology
Several Carduus are notorious invasive plants outside their native range, for example, in Australia[7] and the United States.[8] Species such as C. acanthoides, C. nutans, C. pycnocephalus, and C. tenuiflorus easily become weedy in disturbed habitat, such as overgrazed pasture. C. nutans is allelopathic, producing compounds that inhibit the growth and development of other plants.[8]
Agents of biological pest control that have been used against weedy Carduus thistles include the thistle head weevil (Rhinocyllus conicus), thistle crown weevil (Trichosirocalus horridus), and thistle crown fly (Cheilosia corydon). The musk thistle rust (Puccinia carduorum), a fungus, may also be used against C. nutans.[8]
Diversity
There are about 90[3] to 127[9] species in the genus.
Species include:
- Carduus acanthoides – spiny plumeless thistle
- Carduus adpressus
- Carduus argentatus
- Carduus baeocephalus
- Carduus candicans
- Carduus carpetanus
- Carduus crispus – curly plumeless thistle, curled thistle, welted thistle
- Carduus defloratus
- Carduus euboicus
- Carduus fallax
- Carduus fasciculiflorus
- Carduus getulus
- Carduus hamulosus
- Carduus jordanii
- Carduus juratzkae
- Carduus keniensis
- Carduus kerneri
- Carduus lanuginosus
- Carduus lusitanicus
- Carduus malyi
- Carduus martinezii
- Carduus nervosus
- Carduus nigrescens
- Carduus nutans – musk thistle, nodding thistle
- Carduus olympicus
- Carduus personata
- Carduus pycnocephalus – Italian thistle, Italian plumeless thistle, compact-headed thistle
- Carduus ramosissimus
- Carduus schimperi (may include C. platyphyllus and C. chamaecephalus)[10]
- Carduus tenuiflorus – sheep thistle, shore thistle, slender thistle
- Carduus uncinatus
- Carduus weizensis
- Hybrids
- Carduus × orthocephalus
- Carduus keniensis × C. platyphyllus[11]
References
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carduus. |
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Wikispecies has information related to: Carduus |
- ↑ Jordon-Thaden, I. E. and S. M. Louda. (2003). Chemistry of Cirsium and Carduus: a role in ecological risk assessment for biological control of weeds? Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 31(12), 1353-96.
- ↑ Carduus. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
- 1 2 3 4 5 Carduus. Flora of North America.
- ↑ Schmidt, J. P. and J. M. Drake. (2011). Why are some plant genera more invasive than others? PloS ONE 6(4), e18654.
- ↑ Carduus. The Jepson eFlora 2013.
- ↑ Chardonnay. Viticultural Information. UC Integrated Viticulture, University of California.
- ↑ Carduus. PlantNET. National Herbarium of NSW, Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney.
- 1 2 3 Genus Carduus. Encycloweedia. California Department of Food and Agriculture.
- ↑ Carduus. The Plant List.
- ↑ Beentje, Henk (2000). Compositae, Part 1 (Flora of Tropical East Africa). Kew Botanical Garden.
- ↑ Young, T. P. and M. M. Peacock. (1985). Vegetative key to the alpine vascular plants of Mount Kenya. Journal of the East African Natural History Society 185, 1–9.
External links
- Carduus. USDA PLANTS.
- GRIN Species Records of Carduus. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
- Carduus. In: Greuter, W. & E. von Raab-Straube. (Eds.) Compositae. Euro+Med Plantbase. 2006.
- Carduus (a genus of thistles). BioImages: The Virtual Field-Guide (UK). Accessed 2013-02-17.