Capsella bursa-pastoris

Shepherd's purse
Capsella bursa-pastoris plants
with flowers and fruits
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Brassicales
Family: Brassicaceae
Genus: Capsella
Species: C. bursa-pastoris
Binomial name
Capsella bursa-pastoris
(L.) Medik.

Capsella bursa-pastoris, known by its common name shepherd's purse because of its triangular flat fruits[1] which are purse-like, is a small (up to 0.5 m) annual and ruderal flowering plant in the mustard family Brassicaceae. It is native to eastern Europe and Asia minor[2] but is naturalized and considered a common weed in many parts of the world, especially in colder climates,[3] including British Isles[4] where it is regarded as an archaeophyte,[5][6] North America[7][8] and China[9] but also in the Mediterranean and North Africa.[2] Capsella bursa-pastoris is closely related to the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana and is also used as a model organism due to the variety of genes expressed throughout its life cycle that can be compared to genes that are well studied in A. thaliana. Unlike most flowering plants, it flowers almost all year round.[8][9] Like other annual ruderals exploiting disturbed ground, C. bursa-pastoris reproduces entirely from seed, has a long soil seed bank,[5] and short generation time[2] and is capable of producing several generations each year.

Description

rosette (a), pointed leaves, flowers (c–e), pods (i, k)

C. bursa-pastoris plants grow from a rosette of lobed leaves at the base. From the base emerges a stem about 0.2 to 0.5 m tall, which bears a few pointed leaves which partly grasp the stem. The flowers, which appear in any month of the year in the British Isles,[10]:56 are white and small, (2.5 mm in diameter) with four petals and six stamens.[10] They are borne in loose racemes, and produce flattened, two-chambered seed pods known as siliques, which are triangular to heart-shaped, each containing several seeds.[8] Flowers from April to August.[11]

Like a number of other plants in several plant families, its seeds contain a substance known as mucilage, a condition known as myxospermy.[12] The adaptive value of myxospermy is unknown,[12] although the fact that mucilage becomes sticky when wet has led some to propose that C. bursa-pastoris traps insects which then provide nutrients to the seedling, which would make it protocarnivorous.[13]

Habitat

Common in the wayside and waste places, disturbed land and roadworks in the British Isles.[11][14]

Uses

C. bursa-pastoris is gathered from the wild[15] or grown[16] for food,[9][16] to supplement animal feed,[15] for cosmetics,[15] and for medicinal purposes.[9][15] It is commonly used as food in Shanghai and the surrounding Jiangnan region, where they are stir-fried with rice cakes and other ingredients or as part of the filling in wontons. It is one of the ingredients of the symbolic dish consumed in the Japanese spring-time festival, Nanakusa-no-sekku. In Korea it is known as naengi and its roots are one of the ingredients of the characteristic Korean dish, namul (fresh greens and wild vegetables).[17]

Capsella bursa-pastoris herb has been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally as tea or tincture, or externally as tincture, tea or ointments, for treatment of disorders of the skin, locomotor system, cardiovascular system, hemostasis, and gynaecologic problems.

Fumaric acid is one chemical substance that has been isolated from C. bursa-pastoris.[18]

Parasites

Capsella bursa-pastoris
Traditional Chinese 薺菜
Simplified Chinese 荠菜

See also

References

  1. ↑ Parnell, J. Curtis, T. 2012. Webb's An Irish Flora. p.262. Cork University Press ISBN 978-185918-4783
  2. 1 2 3 Aksoy, A; Dixon, JM; Hale, WH (1998). "Biological flora of the British Isles. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medikus (Thlaspi bursapastoris L., Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Shull, Bursa pastoris (L.) Weber)". Journal of Ecology. 86: 171–186. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00260.x.
  3. ↑ "Capsella bursa-pastoris". Flora of Pakistan.
  4. ↑ Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. and Warburg, E.F. 1968. Excursion Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-04656-4
  5. 1 2 Preston CD, Pearman DA & Dines TD (2002) New Atlas of the British Flora. Oxford University Press
  6. ↑ Preston, CD; Pearman, DA; Hall, AR (2004). "Archaeophytes in Britain". Botanical Journal of the Linnaean Society. 145: 257–294. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00284.x.
  7. ↑ USDA PLANTS Profile: Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik
  8. 1 2 3 Blanchan, Neltje (2005). Wild Flowers Worth Knowing. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "Capsella bursa-pastoris". Flora of China.
  10. 1 2 Clapham, A.R.; Tutin, T.G.; Warburg, E.F. (1981). Excursion Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521232902.
  11. 1 2 Hackney, P. (Ed) 1992. Stewart and Corry's Flora of the North-east of Ireland. Third Edition p.135 Institute of Irish Studies
  12. 1 2 Tamara L. Western; Debra J. Skinner; George W. Haughn (February 2000). "Differentiation of Mucilage Secretory Cells of the Arabidopsis Seed Coat". Plant Physiology. 122 (2): 345–355. doi:10.1104/pp.122.2.345. PMC 58872Freely accessible. PMID 10677428.
  13. ↑ Barber, J.T. (1978). "Capsella bursa-pastoris seeds: Are they "carnivorous"?" (PDF). Carnivorous Plant Newsletter. 7 (2): 39–42.
  14. ↑ Webb, D.A., Parnell, D. and Doogue, D. 1996. An Irish Flora. Dundalgan Press. ISBN 0-85221-131-7
  15. 1 2 3 4 "Capsella bursa-pastoris (Ecocrop code 4164)". ecocrop. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  16. 1 2 "Capsella bursa-pastoris - (L.)Medik.". Plants For A Future database report.
  17. ↑ Pratt, Keith L.; Richard Rutt; James Hoare (1999). Korea: a historical and cultural dictionary. Richmond, Surrey.: Curzon Press. pp. 310–310. ISBN 0-7007-0464-7.
  18. ↑ Kuroda, K.; Akao, M.; Kanisawa, M.; Miyaki, K. (1976). "Inhibitory effect of Capsella bursa-pastoris extract on growth of Ehrlich solid tumor in mice". Cancer Research. 36 (6): 1900–1903. PMID 1268843.
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