Calabar python
| Calabar python | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Subphylum: | Vertebrata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Boidae |
| Subfamily: | Calabariinae |
| Genus: | Calabaria |
| Species: | C. reinhardtii |
| Binomial name | |
| Calabaria reinhardtii (Schlegel, 1851) | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
The Calabar python (Calabaria reinhardtii ) is a nonvenomous boa species endemic to west and central Africa.
Etymology
The specific name or epithet, reinhardtii, is dedicated to Danish herpetologist Johannes Theodor Reinhardt (1816–1882).[3]
Taxonomy
Although Schlegel (1848) first assigned this taxon to the genus Eryx, most herpetologists have since regarded it as a python, which is still reflected in many of its common names. Kluge (1993) referred it to Charina (Erycinae) based on a phylogenetic analysis. Charina was used to group together C.bottae and C.trivirgata with C.reinhardtii to emphasize evidence for an historical connection between the New and Old Worlds, as well as for taxonomic efficiency.[4] All recent analyses however place Calabaria reinhardtii at the base of a large monophyletic Boidae clade, which consists (beside of Calabaria) of some "Boinae" subclades, an African Erycinae subclade and an American subclade made up of Charina (Lichanura inclused) and Ungaliophiinae.[5][6]
This species was long regarded as a member of the family Pythonidae; a fact still reflected in many of its common names. It was moved to Charina by Kluge (1993) based on a phylogenetic analysis; however, analyses based on DNA show that Calabaria is not closely related to Charina, and instead it appears to represent an ancient branch of the boiid snakes with no close living relatives.[7]
No subspecies are currently recognized.[8]
Description
Adults grow to no more than 1 m (39 inches) in total length and the body is fairly uniform in its thickness from head to tail, with a pronounced cylindrical profile..
No palatal teeth are present and, unlike other boids, the compact skull includes a prefrontal bone. No thermoreceptive labial pits are present.[9] Adapted to burrowing, the body is cylindrical with a blunt head and equally blunt tail.[2] The head is covered with enlarged shields.[4] The shape of the tail closely resembles that of the head which may be a defensive adaptation, meant to confuse an attacker. The body is muscular and strong. The eyes are relatively small and usually a dark reddish-brown color. The pupil is round.
The color pattern consists of a dark brown or black ground color speckled with red, yellow and/or grayish spots.[2] The tail may be ringed or have a partial ring of bright white scales. This ring of scales are assumed to exist to confuse attackers and draw attention away from its head.
The smooth dorsal scales are arranged in 29 to 32 rows at midbody. The ventrals are 221-239. The anal plate is entire. The subcaudals are 20-28, also entire.[10]
Geographic range
This species is found in the equatorial rain forest regions of West and central Africa, from Liberia and Sierra Leone to Cameroon (including Bioko Island), the Central African Republic, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In the DRC, it is found almost as far east as Lake Kivu. According to Stimson (1969), the type locality is "Gold Coast."[1]
Behavior
Fossorial, but unlike other burrowing boas such as, Eryx and Gongylophis, it tunnels in loose rainforest soil and leaf litter instead of sand. When threatened, the tail is used as a decoy, being elevated and set in motion, while the head is pressed to the ground and covered with a section of the body. If this fails, the snake coils itself into tight ball with the head in the center, similar to the royal python, Python regius.[2]
They are very docile snakes, when threatened it has a tendency to coil itself into a tight ball with its head safely tucked in its own coils. Also it may thump its tail against the ground in a defensive posture as well, but will rarely bite in aggression. The tail of Calabaria often has a conspicuous white ring which may attract attention of predators away from the head. When first disturbed, they will often remain very still while slowly moving the tail in an effort to increase the effect of this deception
In captivity this species will thrive under the right conditions. Requirements include a thick layer of loose organic material for burrowing and a cage temperature of 25–29 °C.[2]
Although occasionally available through the exotic animal trade, captive reproduction has only been accomplished by a few individual keepers. Most snakes of this species are caught in their natural habitat, and then exported for sale.
They are docile snakes, and can be handled easily. Captive snakes readily accept small mice and rats for food, as this fulfills their instinct to raid rodent nests. As these snakes are prone to kill entire nests of young rodents, they are particularly useful in reducing rodent populations.
Feeding
Preys on small rodents and shrews, often invading their burrows in search of them.[2][9] It may wait for the adults to leave the nest, after which it will enter and to eat whole litters at a time. Constriction is usually employed to kill its prey, but it may also use its body to press the young rodents against the walls of their nest. If there is enough room in a burrow, multiple prey may be constricted at a time.
Reproduction
Oviparous, with females laying eggs.[2] These are relatively large, weighing as much as 50 g (2 oz) each. Usually, only one or two eggs are laid, rarely three. Nevertheless, they may represent up to half of the female's body weight. The young hatch after six weeks of incubation, and begin to feed two or three days after hatching, usually after they first shed their skin.
Common names
Calabar ground boa, burrowing boa,[2] Calabar boa, two-headed boa, West African burrowing boa, West African ground boa, Calabaria, Calabar ground python, African burrowing python.
See also
- List of erycine species and subspecies
- Erycinae, valid scientific names.
- Erycinae by taxonomic synonyms
References
- 1 2 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré TA (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Mehrtens JM (1987). Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
- ↑ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Calabaria reinhardtii, p. 219).
- 1 2 Kluge AG. (1993). "Calabaria and the phylogeny of erycine snakes". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 107: 293-351. PDF at University of Michigan Library Archived August 26, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.. Accessed 20 July 2008.
- ↑ Vidal N, Hedges SB (2008). "The molecular evolutionary tree of lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians". Comptes Rendus Biologies 332: 129-139.
- ↑ Vidal et al. (2007). "The higher-level relationships of alethinophidian snakes inferred from seven nuclear and mitochondrial genes".
- ↑ Pyron RA, Burbrink FT, Wiens JJ (2013). "A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes". BMC Evolutionary Biology 13: 93.
- ↑ "Calabaria reinhardtii". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
- 1 2 Parker HW, Grandison AGC (1977). Snakes — A Natural History. Second Edition. London and Ithaca: British Museum (Natural History) and Cornell University Press. 108 pp. 16 plates. LCCCN 76-54625. ISBN 0-8014-1095-9 (cloth), ISBN 0-8014-9164-9 (paper).
- ↑ Boulenger GA (1893). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume I., Containing the Families ... Boidæ ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiii + 448 pp. + Plates I-XXVIII. (Calabaria reinhardti, p. 92).
Further reading
- Schlegel H (1851). "Description d'une nouvelle espèce du genre Eryx, Eryx Reinhardtii". Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 3 (1): 1-3. (Eryx reinhardtii, new species). (in French).
External links
- Calabaria reinhardtii at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 20 July 2007.
- The African Burrowing "Python" (Calabaria reinhardtii) at the Sand Boa Page. Accessed 20 July 2008.