Carl Anton Larsen

Carl Anton Larsen (August 7, 1860 – December 8, 1924)^[1] was a Norwegian Antarctic Explorer, who made important contributions to the exploration of Antarctica, the most significant being the first discovery of fossils, for which he received the Back Grant from the Royal Geographical Society.^[2] In December 1893 he became the first person to ski in Antarctica on the Larsen Ice Shelf which was subsequently named after him.^[3] Larsen is considered the founder of the Antarctic whaling industry and the settlement at Grytviken on the British-administered island of South Georgia.^[4] In 1910, after some years' residence on South Georgia, he took British citizenship.^[5] The Norwegian whale factory ship C.A. Larsen was named after him.

Early life

Carl Anton Larsen was born in Østre Halsen, Tjolling, the son of a Norwegian Sea Captain Ole Christian Larsen and his wife Ellen Andrea Larsen (née Thorsen).^[1][6] His family subsequently relocated to nearby Sandefjord, the home of the Norwegian whaling industry, where, at the young age of 9 he went to sea in a small barque with his father chasing seals and trading across the North Atlantic with Britain, only returning to go to school during the fall and winter. He would continue this for a number of years, until his curiosity for the sea was so strong he enrolled himself in navigation school where he passed the exam for foreign-going mate at the age of 18.^[7] Having been to Britain a few times in the previous years he realized the importance of having a second language and soon taught himself English and Spanish.

Larsen was eager to get work as an officer on a ship, but due to economic difficulties in Norway at the time, he could not. This was a huge setback, but he decided to swallow his pride and went to work at sea as a cook, learning the importance food played in keeping men happy. A valuable lesson that would serve him well as a captain.

He finally got a position aboard the barque Hoppet out of Larvik, as second mate, then first mate and senior officer below the captain. He was now 21 and knew he had to study again so he came ashore and soon became a Shipmaster, which means he could now sail any ship on any ocean in the world.

Having just become a shipmaster, what Larsen most wanted now was a ship of his own. This was more than he could afford so instead, he bought a share of an old barque called the Freden. Sadly, it was not to be smooth sailing for Larsen as the barque Freden was all but wrecked after his first voyage. Undeterred he soon got her fixed, only to be faced with another setback. Nobody had any freight he could carry. This would turn out to be a stroke of luck for the young Larsen as he soon decided to go on his first whaling experience, hunting bottlenose whales just off the coast of Norway. Fortunately Larsen was a born whaler and soon filled the Freden with whales and went on filling her until 1885 when he realized that he could not use the Svend Foyn gun with little chaser-steamers like the modern whalers. It was time for a newer ship.^[7]

First Norwegian expedition to Antarctica

Larsen led an expedition to Antarctica, in command of the Jason, from 1892 through 1894, discovering the Larsen Ice Shelf, the Foyn Coast in Graham Land, as well as King Oscar Land, and Robertson Island. She was a ship Larsen was familiar with as he had been aboard it during the famous voyage that carried Fridtjof Nansen to Greenland during his east-west crossing in 1888.^[8][9]

Later he captained the ship Antarctic, as part of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition of 1901-04.^[10] During this mission some of his crew wintered for 10 months at Snow Hill Island,^[11] and after his ship was crushed by ice and sank, he and his crew spent the winter of 1903 on Paulet Island, surviving on penguins and seals before being rescued by the Argentine corvette Uruguay.

Larsen and South Georgia

Grytviken in 1914

The Norwegian Lutheran Church in Grytviken (built in 1913)

In 1904 Larsen settled on the British island of South Georgia in the Antarctic, starting the new era of modern whaling. On Christmas Eve, 1904, he produced the first whale oil of the season in the newly built whaling station of Grytviken. With Argentine, Norwegian and British capital he founded the first Antarctic whaling corporation, the Compañía Argentina de Pesca (Argentine Fishing Company). Within a few years the Antarctic was producing about 70% of the world's oil.^[12]

As the manager of Compañía Argentina de Pesca, Larsen organized the construction of Grytviken ― a remarkable undertaking accomplished by a team of 60 Norwegians. Larsen also established a meteorological observatory at Grytviken, which from 1905 was maintained in cooperation with the Argentine Meteorological Office under the British lease requirements of the whaling station until these changed in 1949. Larsen had chosen the whaling station's site during his 1902 visit while in command of the ship Antarctic of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition (1901–03) led by Otto Nordenskjöld.^[13][14] Larsen was also instrumental, with his brother, in introducing Reindeer to South Georgia in 1911, as a resource for recreational hunting for the people involved in the whaling industry.

A Norwegian Lutheran Church was pre-built in Norway and erected in Grytviken by whalers led by Carl Anton Larsen. This typical Norwegian church, one of the most southern churches on earth, was consecrated on Christmas Day in 1913. In 1922, a funeral service for Sir Ernest Shackleton was conducted in this church before his burial in the church cemetery.^[15]

Similarly to other managers and senior officers of the South Georgia whaling stations, Larsen lived in Grytviken together with his family including his wife, three daughters and two sons. In 1910 they obtained British citizenship, following an application filed with the British Magistrate of South Georgia in which Larsen declared: "I have given up my Norwegian citizens rights and have resided here since I started whaling in this colony on 16 November 1904 and have no reason to be of any other citizenship than British, as I have had and intend to have my residence here still for a long time." ^[16]

See also

• Larsen Ice Shelf
• Larsen Harbour
• Viktor Esbensen
• Carl Julius Evensen
• Thule Island
• Montagu Island
• Bristol Island
• Seymour Island
• Robertson Island
• History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

References

Books

• Antarctica, great stories from the frozen continent. Australia: Reader's Digest. 1985. ISBN 0-949819-64-6. 
• Alberts, Fred G., ed. (1980). Geographic Names of the Antarctic. Washington: U.S. National Science Foundation. 
• Alexander, Caroline; Hurley, Frank (1998). Endurance. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-7475-4123-3. 
• Child, Jack (1988). Antarctica and South American Geopolitics: Frozen Lebensraum. New York: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-275-92886-5. 
• Mills, William James (2003). Exploring Polar Frontiers A Historical Encyclopedia. London: ABC-CLIO Publishing. ISBN 1-57607-422-6. 
• Rabassa, Jorge; Borla, Maria Laura (2006). Antarctic Peninsula & Tierra del Fuego. London, New York: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-41379-4. 
• Risting, Sigurd (1929). Kaptein C. A. Larsen (in Norwegian). Oslo: Cappelen Akademiske forlag. 
• Riffenburgh, Beau (2006). Encyclopedia of the Antarctic. Vol. 1. London: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 0-415-97024-5. 
• Rubin, Jeff (2008). Antarctica. Lonely Planet Publications. ISBN 1-74104-549-5. 
• Rubin, Jeff (1996). Antarctica: a Lonely Planet Travel Survival Kit. Oakland, CA.: Lonely Planet Publications. ISBN 0-86442-415-9. 
• Stewart, Andrew (1990). Antarctica: An Encyclopedia. 2 vol. set. London: McFarland and Co. ISBN 0-89950-470-1. 
• Villiers, Alan (1956). Pioneers of the Seven Seas. London: Routledge & Paul. 

Online

• "Business: Whales". Time Magazine. May 28, 1934. Retrieved 2009-10-24. 
• Larsen, Carl Anton. "1900 Census for the Municipality of Sandefjord". Norwegian Historical Data Centre. Retrieved 2009-10-24. 

Footnotes

External links

• Captain Carl Anton Larsen
• Whaling Ship C A Larsen
• Whaling stations of Grytviken, Leith Harbor, and Stromness Harbor
• Exploration of the Antarctic
• Norwegian Antarctic Territory

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