Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs

The region under the administration of the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs (Xuanzheng Yuan) within the Yuan dynasty.

The Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs, or Xuanzheng Yuan (Chinese: 宣政院; pinyin: Xuānzhèngyuàn; literally: "Court for the Spread of Governance") was a government agency and top-level administrative department set up in Khanbaliq (modern Beijing) that supervised Buddhist monks in addition to managing the territory of Tibet during the Yuan dynasty (1271-1368) established by Kublai Khan. It was originally set up in 1264 as an autonomous office named Zongzhi Yuan (simplified Chinese: 总制院; traditional Chinese: 總制院; pinyin: Zǒngzhìyuàn) or the Bureau of General Regulation, before it was renamed in 1288,^[1] which was named after the Xuanzheng Hall where Tibetan envoys were received in the Tang dynasty. In the Mongol Empire, Tibet was managed by the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs, separate from the other provinces of the Yuan dynasty such as those governed the former Song dynasty of China, but still under the administrative rule of the Yuan. While no modern equivalents remain, the political functions of the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs might have been analogous to the India Office in London during the British Raj. Besides holding the title of Imperial Preceptor or Dishi, Drogön Chögyal Phagpa, the fifth leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, was concurrently named the director of the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs. One of the department's purposes was to select a dpon-chen ('great administrator', a civilian administrator who governed Tibet when Sakya Lama was away), usually appointed by the lama and confirmed by the Mongol emperor in Beijing.^[2] Tibetan Buddhism was not only practiced within the capital Beijing but throughout the country.^[3] Apart from Tibetan affairs, the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs managed the entire Buddhist clergy throughout the realm (whether they were Han Chinese, Tibetan or Korean etc.), and supervised all temples, monasteries, and other Buddhist properties in the empire, at least in name.^[4] According to scholar Evelyn Rawski, it supervised 360 Buddhist monasteries.^[5] To emphasize its importance for Hangzhou, capital of the former Southern Song dynasty and the largest city in the Yuan realm, a branch (行, Xing, "acting") Xuanzheng Yuan was established in that city in 1291,^[6] although Tibetan Buddhism took public or official precedence over Han Chinese Buddhism.^[3]

The Lifan Yuan (also known as the Board for the Administration of Outlying Regions and Office of Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs etc.) established by the Manchus was roughly a Qing dynasty version of Xuanzheng Yuan, instituted by the Yuan state for administering affairs beyond the borders of China proper.^[7]

References

↑ Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times, p194, by Morris Rossabi
↑ China's Tibet Policy, p139, by Dawa Norbu
1 2 Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia, by Charles Orzech, Henrik Sørensen, Richard Payne, p548
↑ Imperial China 900-1800, by Frederick W. Mote, p483
↑ The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions, by Evelyn S. Rawski, p244
↑ ars orientalis, p9
↑ State and Ethnicity in China's Southwest, by Xiaolin Guo, p29

Tibet articles

History

Overviews	Timeline List of rulers European exploration Historical money

Chronology	Prehistory (Neolithic) Zhangzhung Pre-Imperial Empire (7th–9th century) List of emperors Great Ministers Relations with Tang (618–907) Era of Fragmentation (9th–11th century) Guge kingdom Yuan dynasty rule (1270–1350) Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs Phagmodrupa Dynasty Relations with Ming (1368–1644) Rinpungpa Dynasty Tsangpa Dynasty Ganden Phodrang Kashag Qing dynasty rule (1720–1912) Lifan Yuan List of imperial residents Post-Qing to 1950 Tibetan Army People's Republic of China (PRC) rule PRC incorporation political leaders

Wars & conflicts	Tibetan attack on Songzhou Battle of Dafei River Mongol conquest of Tibet Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War Battle of Dartsedo Battle of the Salween River Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720) Lhasa riot of 1750 Sino-Nepalese War Sino-Sikh War Nepalese–Tibetan War Sikkim Expedition British expedition to Tibet 1905 Tibetan Rebellion Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910) Xinhai Lhasa turmoil Sino-Tibetan War Qinghai–Tibet War 1938–39 German expedition to Tibet 1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet Battle of Chamdo Protests and uprisings since 1950 1959 Tibetan uprising 1987–89 Tibetan unrest 2008 Tibetan unrest Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China

Documents	70,000 Character Petition Treaty of Chushul Treaty of Thapathali Treaty of Lhasa Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia Simla Accord (1914) Seventeen-Point Agreement

Geography

Flora Mountains Lhotse / Changtse Namcha Barwa Tanggula rivers Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon Rongbuk Glacier Tibetan Plateau Changtang Nature Reserve Valleys

Traditional regions	Amdo Kham Ü-Tsang Ü Tsang Ngari

Politics

Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) Central Tibetan Administration Parliament Definitions of Tibet Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Patron and priest relationship Golden Urn Tibet Area Independence movement Serfdom controversy Sovereignty debate CIA Tibetan program

Government	Regional Government

Economy

Society

Education Languages Religion Tibetan Buddhism Sakya Imperial Preceptor Dpon-chen Nyingma Kagyu Jonang Gelug Ganden Tripa Dalai Lama list Lhamo La-tso Panchen Lama list Bon Sinicization Social classes Tibetan people Changpa Yolmo Diaspora Names

Culture	Art Calendar Cuisine Dzong architecture Emblem Festivals Flag Historical and cultural sites Khata (ceremonial scarf) Literature Annals Chronicle writers Music Tibetology Traditional medicine

Outline
Index

Category
Portal

Yuan dynasty topics

History	Division of the Mongol Empire Toluid Civil War Kaidu–Kublai war Kublai Khan's Campaigns Mongol invasion of China conquest of the Song dynasty Battle of Xiangyang Yamen Japan Vietnam Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288) Burma Battle of Ngasaunggyan Pagan Java Second Mongol invasion of Burma Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war War of the Two Capitals 1344 Yellow River flood Red Turban Rebellion Red Turban invasions of Goryeo Battle of Lake Poyang Ispah rebellion

Government	List of emperors family tree Empresses Imperial Preceptor Zhongshu Sheng Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia Mongolia under Yuan rule Manchuria under Yuan rule Tibet under Yuan rule Dpon-chen Korea under Yuan rule

Architecture	Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing) Miaoying Temple Pagoda of Bailin Temple Temple of Azure Clouds Jinan Great Southern Mosque

Society and culture	Yuan poetry Chao (currency) History of Liao Jin Song Menggu Ziyun Wenxian Tongkao Zhongyuan Yinyun The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars Zaju The Chalk Circle The Injustice to Dou E The Orphan of Zhao The Story of the Western Wing Semu Islam during the Yuan dynasty

Other topics	Mongols Borjigin 'Phags-pa script History of Yuan Khanbaliq Shangdu Mongol Empire Northern Yuan dynasty

Xia → Shang → Zhou → Qin → Han → 3 Kingdoms → Jìn / 16 Kingdoms → N. & S. Dynasties → Sui → Tang → 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms → Liao / Song / W. Xia / Jīn → Yuan → Ming → Qing → Modern China

Defunct Chinese provinces and provincial regions

Yuan dynasty

Huguang Henanjiangbei Jiangzhe Liaoyang Lingbei Zhongshu Sheng* Xuanzheng Yuan* Jiaozhi Jinghuzhancheng Zhengmian Zhengdong

Special administrative areas	Central Secretariat* Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs*

Ming dynasty

Huguang Jiaozhi**

Special administrative areas	Beizhili* Nanzhili*

ROC (1912–49)

Andong Qahar Hejiang Hexi Liaobei Nenjiang Rehe Songjiang Suiyuan Xikang Xing'an Zhili

Special administrative regions	Chuanbian Dongsheng Hainan Qahar Rehe Suiyuan Weihai

Areas	Mongolia Tibet

Provincal fu	Nanjingfu Shuntianfu

Special administrative municipalities	Jingdu Jingu Hankou Songhu

Yuan administrative municipalities	Beijing Chongqing Dalian Guangzhou Hankou Harbin Nanjing Qingdao Shanghai Shenyang Tianjin Xi'an

PRC

Liaodong Liaoxi Mudanjiang Pingyuan Qahar Rehe Songjiang Suiyuan Xikang

Greater administrative areas	Huabei Dongbei Huadong Zhongnan Xibei Xinan

Municipalities	Anshan Benxi Changchun Dalian → Lüda Fushun Harbin Guangzhou Nanjing Shenyang Hankou → Wuhan Xi'an

Administrative territories	Chuanbei Chuandong Chuannan Chuanxi Subei Sunan Wanbei Wannan Lüda

Territories	Qamdo

* - Ministries administrative provinces or regions; ** - Special provinces

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Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs

See also

References