Tobolsk

Tobolsk (English)
Тобольск (Russian)
-  Town[1]  -

Tobolsk Kremlin

Location of Tyumen Oblast in Russia
Tobolsk
Location of Tobolsk in Tyumen Oblast
Coordinates: 58°12′N 68°16′E / 58.200°N 68.267°E / 58.200; 68.267Coordinates: 58°12′N 68°16′E / 58.200°N 68.267°E / 58.200; 68.267
Coat of arms
Flag
Anthem none[2]
Town Day Last Sunday of June[3]
Administrative status (as of December 2014)
Country Russia
Federal subject Tyumen Oblast[1]
Administratively subordinated to Town of Tobolsk[1]
Administrative center of Tobolsky District,[1] Town of Tobolsk[1]
Municipal status (as of October 2014)
Urban okrug Tobolsk Urban Okrug[4]
Administrative center of Tobolsk Urban Okrug,[4] Tobolsky Municipal District[4]
Head[5] Vladimir Mazur[6]
Representative body Town Duma[5]
Statistics
Area (October 2014) 221.98 km2 (85.71 sq mi)[7]
Population (2010 Census) 99,694 inhabitants[8]
- Rank in 2010 165th
Density 449/km2 (1,160/sq mi)[9]
Time zone YEKT (UTC+05:00)[10]
Founded June 14, 1587[7][11]
Town status since 1590[11]
Postal code(s)[12] 626111, 626147, 626148, 626150–626153, 626155–626159
Dialing code(s) +7 3456
Official website
Tobolsk on Wikimedia Commons

Tobolsk (Russian: Тобо́льск) is a town in Tyumen Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Tobol and Irtysh Rivers. It is a historic capital of Siberia. Population: 99,694 (2010 Census);[8] 92,880 (2002 Census);[13] 94,143 (1989 Census).[14]

History

In 1585–1586, during the first Russian advance into Siberia, a group of Yermak Timofeyevich's Cossacks under the command of Daniil Grigor'yevich Chulkov founded Tobolsk near the ruins of the Khanate of Sibir's capital, Qashliq (abandoned in 1588). Situated where the River Irtysh turns from flowing westward to flowing northward, it grew based on the importance of the Siberian river routes. It became the seat of the newly established Siberia Governorate in 1708 and prospered on trade with China to the east and with Bukhara to the south. Tobolsk saw the establishment of the first school, theater, and newspaper in Siberia. After the Russians defeated the Swedish army at Poltava in 1709, large numbers of Swedish prisoners were sent to Tobolsk. They numbered about 25% of the total population. Many of them were not repatriated until the 1720s, and some of them settled permanently in Tobolsk.

Tobolsk in 1750

After administrative division of the territory, Tobolsk remained the seat of the Governor-General of Western Siberia until the seat moved to Omsk in the 1820s or 1830s. Acknowledging the authority of Tobolsk, many Siberian towns, including Omsk, Tyumen, and Tomsk, had their original arms display the Tobolsk insignia. Omsk continues to honor the legacy as of 2015.

View of Tobolsk in the 1913

From 1796 until 1919 (after the October Revolution of 1917), the town served as the seat of Tobolsk Governorate. After 1825 some of the Decembrists were exiled and lived there as well. The town's relative importance declined when the Trans-Siberian Railway line between Tyumen and Omsk bypassed it to the south in the 1890s.

In August 1917, after the February Revolution, the Provisional Government "evacuated" Tsar Nicholas II and his family to Tobolsk to live in relative luxury in the former house of the Governor-General. After a White Army approached the city in spring of 1918, the Bolsheviks moved the imperial family west to Yekaterinburg in the Urals (April 1918) and had them shot there in July 1918.

Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, Tobolsk serves as the administrative center of Tobolsky District, even though it is not a part of it.[1] As an administrative division, it is, together with one urban-type settlement, incorporated separately as the Town of Tobolsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the Town of Tobolsk is incorporated as Tobolsk Urban Okrug.[4]

Economy

The economy of modern Tobolsk centers on a major oil refinery. Some traditional crafts, such as bone-carving, are also preserved.

Climate

Tobolsk has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) bordering on a subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dfc). Winters are very cold with average temperatures from −21.6 °C (−6.9 °F) to −12.7 °C (9.1 °F) in January, while summers are mild with average temperatures from +13.8 to +23.9 °C (56.8 to 75.0 °F). Precipitation is moderate and is somewhat higher in summer than at other times of the year.

Climate data for Tobolsk
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 5.5
(41.9)		 5.5
(41.9)		 14.7
(58.5)		 29.5
(85.1)		 35.7
(96.3)		 37.2
(99)		 36.1
(97)		 33.8
(92.8)		 30.1
(86.2)		 23.0
(73.4)		 12.3
(54.1)		 4.5
(40.1)		 37.2
(99)
Average high °C (°F) −12.7
(9.1)		 −10.3
(13.5)		 −1.4
(29.5)		 7.2
(45)		 16.3
(61.3)		 22.4
(72.3)		 23.9
(75)		 20.4
(68.7)		 13.7
(56.7)		 6.1
(43)		 −4.8
(23.4)		 −10.7
(12.7)		 5.84
(42.52)
Daily mean °C (°F) −17.1
(1.2)		 −15.6
(3.9)		 −7.0
(19.4)		 1.8
(35.2)		 10.2
(50.4)		 16.7
(62.1)		 18.7
(65.7)		 15.3
(59.5)		 9.0
(48.2)		 2.2
(36)		 −8.2
(17.2)		 −14.9
(5.2)		 0.92
(33.67)
Average low °C (°F) −21.6
(−6.9)		 −20.7
(−5.3)		 −12.5
(9.5)		 −3.2
(26.2)		 4.7
(40.5)		 11.5
(52.7)		 13.8
(56.8)		 10.7
(51.3)		 4.9
(40.8)		 −1.2
(29.8)		 −11.8
(10.8)		 −19.4
(−2.9)		 −3.73
(25.28)
Record low °C (°F) −48.5
(−55.3)		 −47.7
(−53.9)		 −41.8
(−43.2)		 −30.3
(−22.5)		 −14.6
(5.7)		 −2.2
(28)		 3.4
(38.1)		 −2.9
(26.8)		 −6.5
(20.3)		 −34.4
(−29.9)		 −40.1
(−40.2)		 −51.8
(−61.2)		 −51.8
(−61.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 23
(0.91)		 17
(0.67)		 17
(0.67)		 24
(0.94)		 45
(1.77)		 57
(2.24)		 67
(2.64)		 73
(2.87)		 53
(2.09)		 40
(1.57)		 34
(1.34)		 27
(1.06)		 477
(18.77)
Average rainy days 1 0.2 3 10 13 16 16 20 20 14 4 1 118.2
Average snowy days 22 17 13 6 2 0 0 0 0.4 6 17 22 105.4
Average relative humidity (%) 81 77 72 65 62 66 73 78 79 79 82 81 74.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours 61 114 177 217 265 288 298 225 156 92 60 42 1,995
Source #1: pogoda.ru.net[15]
Source #2: NOAA (sun only, 1961-1990)[16]

Main sights

Stained glass window dedicated to Tobolsk at the station "Rechnoy Vokzal" of Novosibirsk Metro

Tobolsk is the only town in Siberia and one of the few in Russia which has a standing stone kremlin (Tobolsk Kremlin): an elaborate city-fortress from the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. Its white walls and towers with an ensemble of churches and palatial buildings spectacularly sited on a high river bank were proclaimed a national historical and architectural treasure in 1870.

The principal monuments in the kremlin are the Cathedral of St. Sophia (1683–1686), a merchant courtyard (1703–1705), an episcopal palace (1773–1775; now a museum of local lore), and the so-called Swedish Chamber, with six baroque halls (1713–1716). The town contains some remarkable baroque and Neoclassical churches from the 18th and 19th centuries. Also noteworthy is a granite monument to Yermak, constructed to a design by Alexander Brullov in 1839. The town's vicinity is rich in ancient kurgans and pagan shrines, some of which date back to the 10th century BCE.

Notable people

Twin towns and sister cities

Tobolsk is twinned with:

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Law #53
  2. ↑ Article 2 of the Charter of Tobolsk states that the town may have an anthem, providing one is approved by the Town Duma. As of 2015, no anthem has been adopted.
  3. ↑ Charter of Tobolsk, Article 2
  4. 1 2 3 4 Law #263
  5. 1 2 Charter of Tobolsk, Article 20
  6. ↑ Official website of Tobolsk Town Administration. Structure of the Administration of the Town of Tobolsk (Russian)
  7. 1 2 Official website of Tobolsk. General Information (Russian)
  8. 1 2 Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  9. ↑ The value of density was calculated automatically by dividing the 2010 Census population by the area specified in the infobox. Please note that this value may not be accurate as the area specified in the infobox does not necessarily correspond to the area of the entity proper or is reported for the same year as the population.
  10. ↑ Правительство Российской Федерации. Федеральный закон №107-ФЗ от 3 июня 2011 г. «Об исчислении времени», в ред. Федерального закона №271-ФЗ от 03 июля 2016 г. «О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об исчислении времени"». Вступил в силу по истечении шестидесяти дней после дня официального опубликования (6 августа 2011 г.). Опубликован: "Российская газета", №120, 6 июня 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #107-FZ of June 31, 2011 On Calculating Time, as amended by the Federal Law #271-FZ of July 03, 2016 On Amending Federal Law "On Calculating Time". Effective as of after sixty days following the day of the official publication.).
  11. 1 2 Charter of Tobolsk, Preamble
  12. ↑ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (Russian)
  13. ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian). Retrieved August 9, 2014.
  14. ↑ Demoscope Weekly (1989). "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров" [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
  15. ↑ "Weather And Climate - Climate Tobolsk" (in Russian). Retrieved January 21, 2013.
  16. ↑ "Climate Normals for Tobolsk". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 21, 2013.

Sources

Further reading

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