BC Ferries

British Columbia Ferry Services Inc.

Trading name	BC Ferries
Type	Organized as a privately held company, with the provincial Crown as sole shareholder
Industry	Transportation
Founded	Victoria, British Columbia (June 15, 1960)
Headquarters	Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Key people	Donald P. Hayes, Chair Michael Corrigan, President & CEO
Products	Ferry service
Revenue	C$786.3 million (2013)[1]
Operating income	C$84.8 million (2013)[1]
Net income	C$15.5 million (2013)[1]
Owner	BC Ferry Authority (Government of British Columbia)
Number of employees	3,153 (2005)
Website	www.bcferries.com

British Columbia Ferry Services Inc., operating as BC Ferries (BCF), is a former provincial Crown corporation, now operating as an independently managed, publicly owned company. BC Ferries provides all major passenger and vehicle ferry services for coastal and island communities in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Set up in 1960 to provide a similar service to that provided by the Black Ball Line and the Canadian Pacific Railway, which were affected by job action at the time, BC Ferries has become the largest passenger ferry line in North America and the second largest in the world,^[2] boasting a fleet of 35 vessels with a total passenger and crew capacity of over 27,000, serving 47 locations on the B.C. coast.

As BC Ferries provides an essential link from mainland British Columbia to the various islands, and parts of the mainland without road access, on its routes, it is subsidized by the Government of British Columbia ($151 million in the 2011 fiscal year) and the Government of Canada ($27 million in the 2011 fiscal year).^[3] The inland ferries operating on British Columbia's rivers and lakes are not run by BC Ferries. The responsibility for their provision rests with the British Columbia Ministry of Transportation, which contracts operation to various private sector companies.

History

In the late 1950s, a strike by employees of the Black Ball Line caused the Social Credit government of W. A. C. Bennett to decide that the coastal ferry service in B.C. needed to be government-owned, and so it set about creating BC Ferries. Minister of Highways Phil Gaglardi was tasked with overseeing the new Crown corporation and its rapid expansion.

BC Ferries' first route, commissioned in 1960, was between Swartz Bay, north of Sidney on Vancouver Island, and Tsawwassen, a part of the Corporation of Delta, using just two vessels. These ships were the now-retired MV Tsawwassen and the MV Sidney. The next few years saw a dramatic growth of the B.C. ferry system as it took over operations of the Black Ball Line and other major private companies providing vehicle ferry service between Vancouver Island and the Lower Mainland. As the ferry system expanded and started to service other small coastal communities, BC Ferries had to build more vessels, many of them in the first five years of its operations, to keep up with the demand. Another method of satisfying increasing demand for service was BC Ferries' unique "stretch and lift" program, involving seven vessels being cut in half and extended, and five of those vessels later cut in half again and elevated, to increase their passenger and vehicle-carrying capacities. The vast majority of the vessels in the fleet were built in B.C. waters, with only two foreign purchases and one domestic purchase. In the mid-1980s, BC Ferries took over the operations of the saltwater branch of the B.C. Ministry of Transportation and Highways, which ran ferry services to very small coastal communities. This action dramatically increased the size of BC Ferries' fleet and its geographical service area. The distinctive "dogwood on green" flag that BC Ferries used between 1960 and 2003 gave the service its popular nickname "the Dogwood Fleet".

At its inception, BC Ferries was a division of the British Columbia Toll Highways and Bridges Authority, a provincial Crown corporation. Through successive reorganizations, it evolved into the British Columbia Ferry Authority and then the British Columbia Ferry Corporation, both of which were also provincial Crown corporations. In 2003, the Government of British Columbia announced that BC Ferries, which had been in debt, would be reorganized into a private corporation, implemented through the passage of the Coastal Ferry Act^[4] (Bill 18-2003). The single voting share of BC Ferries Corporation is held by the provincial government's BC Ferry Authority, which operates under the rules of the Act.

During the 1990s, the NDP government commissioned a series of three fast ferries to improve ferry service between the Mainland and Vancouver Island. The ships proved problematic when they suffered many technical issues and cost double what was expected. The fast ferries were eventually sold off for $19.4 million in 2003.

A controversy began in July 2004 when BC Ferries, under a new American CEO, announced that the company had disqualified all Canadian bids to build three new Coastal class ships, and only the proposals from European shipyards were being considered. The contract is estimated at $542 million for the three ships, which are each designed to carry 370 vehicles and 1600 passengers.

The argument for domestic construction of the ferries is that it would employ numerous British Columbia workers, revitalize the sagging B.C. shipbuilding industry, and entitle the provincial government to a large portion of the cost in the form of taxes. BC Ferries CEO David Hahn claimed that building the ferries in Germany would "save almost $80 million and could lead to lower fares."^[5]

On September 17, 2004, BC Ferries awarded^[6] the vessel construction contract to Germany's Flensburger shipyard. The contract protects BC Ferries from any delays through a fixed price and fixed schedule contract. Coastal Renaissance entered service in March 2008, while Coastal Inspiration was delivered the same month and entered service in June. The third ship, Coastal Celebration, has been delivered and is now in service as well.

On August 18, 2006, BC Ferries commissioned^[7] Flensburger to build a new vessel for its Inside Passage route, with the contract having many of the same types of terms as that for the Coastal Class vessels. The new northern service vessel, Northern Expedition, has been delivered.

In fiscal year 2011, BC Ferries reported a loss of $16.5 million due to declining ridership, with vehicle traffic dropping 3.5% and passenger traffic dropping 2.8%. Increased fares were to blame for the drop in ridership, and warnings came that there would likely be cutbacks in the service on a number of its routes in order to reduce costs.^[8]

On August 26, 2012, BC Ferries announced that it would be cutting 98 round trips on its major routes starting in the fall and winter of 2012 as part of a four-year plan to save $1 million on these routes. Service cuts have included the elimination of supplementary sailings on the Swartz Bay–Tsawwassen route, 18 round trips on the Horseshoe Bay–Departure Bay route, and 48 round trips, the largest number of cuts, on the Duke Point–Tsawwassen route, with plans to look for savings on the smaller unprofitable routes in the future.^[9]

On November 20, 2012, BC Ferry Services was listed as the 90th most profitable company in BC, with a net income of $3,781,000 in 2011 and $3,422,000 in 2010.^[10]

A year later, on November 20, 2013, the government of British Columbia announced plans to eliminate a program that gave free ferry trips to seniors, make major cuts to service on smaller, more remote routes, and undertake a pilot project that would introduce slot machines on ships serving the Tsawwassen-Swartz Bay route.^[11]

In the fall of 2014, BC Ferries announced the addition of three new Intermediate-class ferries to phase out the Queen of Burnaby and the Queen of Nanaimo.^[12][13]

Current routes

List

Route numbers are used internally by BC Ferries. All routes allow vehicles unless stated otherwise.

• Route 1 – Georgia Strait South (Highway 17): Swartz Bay to Tsawwassen
• Route 2 – Georgia Strait Central (Highway 1): Nanaimo (via Departure Bay) to Horseshoe Bay
• Route 3 – Howe Sound: Langdale to Horseshoe Bay
• Route 4 – Satellite Channel: Swartz Bay to Saltspring Island (at Fulford Harbour)
• Route 5 – Swanson Channel: Swartz Bay to the Southern Gulf Islands (Galiano, Mayne, Pender, and Saturna Islands)
• Route 6 – South Stuart Channel: Crofton to Saltspring Island (at Vesuvius)
• Route 7 – Jervis Inlet (Highway 101): Earls Cove to Saltery Bay
• Route 8 – Queen Charlotte Channel: Horseshoe Bay to Bowen Island (via Snug Cove)
• Route 9 – Active Pass Shuttle: Tsawwassen to Saltspring Island and the Southern Gulf Islands (listed above in route 5)
• Route 10 – Inside Passage: Port Hardy to Prince Rupert (with stops at Klemtu)
• Route 10 Supplemental: servicing Bella Bella, Shearwater, Ocean Falls and Bella Coola (as of mid-2014)
• Route 11 – Hecate Strait (Highway 16): Prince Rupert to Haida Gwaii (via Skidegate)
• Route 12 – Saanich Inlet: Brentwood Bay to Mill Bay
• Route 13 – Thornbrough Channel: Langdale to Gambier Island and Keats Island (foot passengers only, no vehicles)
• Route 17 – Georgia Strait North: Powell River (via Westview) to Comox (via Little River)
• Route 18 – Malaspina Strait: Powell River to Texada Island (via Blubber Bay)
• Route 19 – Northumberland Channel: Nanaimo Harbour to Gabriola Island (via Descanso Bay)
• Route 20 – North Stuart Channel: Chemainus to Thetis and Penelakut Islands
• Route 21 – Baynes Sound: Buckley Bay to Denman Island (via Denman West)
• Route 22 – Lambert Channel: Denman Island (via Gravelly Bay) to Hornby Island (via Shingle Spit)
• Route 23 – Discovery Passage: Campbell River to Quadra Island (via Quathiaski Cove)
• Route 24 – Sutil Channel: Quadra Island (via Heriot Bay) to Cortes Island (via Whaletown)
• Route 25 – Broughton Strait: Port McNeill to Alert Bay (on Cormorant Island) and Sointula (on Malcolm Island)
• Route 26 – Skidegate Inlet: Skidegate (on Graham Island) to Alliford Bay (on Moresby Island)
• Route 30 – Mid-Island Express (Highway 19): Nanaimo (via Duke Point) to Tsawwassen

Maps

Numbers in blue circles are ferry route numbers. Provincial highway trailblazers are added where appropriate.

• 

  Zone 1 – Southern Gulf Islands

• 

  Zone 2 – Central Georgia Strait

• 

  Zone 3 – Northern Georgia Strait

• 

  Zone 4 – Queen Charlotte Sound

• 

  Zone 5 – North Coast

Fleet

BC Ferries has the largest fleet of vehicle ferry vessels in the world. There are 36 vessels, ranging from small 16-car ferries up to 470-car "superferries". All of the vessels in use by BC Ferries are "roll-on, roll-off" car ferries. Most of the major vessels are based on similar designs, which are aggregated into "classes" of ferries:

Current vessels

Name	Class	Year built (Rebuilt)	Auto capacity	Passenger capacity	Notes
MV Spirit of British Columbia	Spirit	1993	470	2100
MV Spirit of Vancouver Island	Spirit	1994	470	2100
MV Coastal Renaissance	Coastal	2007	370	1650	World's largest double-ended ferries, Made in Germany
MV Coastal Inspiration	Coastal	2007	370	1650	World's largest double-ended ferries, Made in Germany
MV Coastal Celebration	Coastal	2007	370	1650	World's largest double-ended ferries, Made in Germany
MV Queen of Coquitlam	C	1976 (2003)	362	1470
MV Queen of Cowichan	C	1976 (2004)	360	1494	Photo
MV Queen of Alberni	C	1976 (1984/ 2007)	290	1200	Upper car deck added in 1984
MV Queen of Oak Bay	C	1981 (2005)	362	1466
MV Queen of Surrey	C	1981 (2006)	362	1466
MV Queen of New Westminster	None	1964 (1973/ 1991)	270	1332	Originally a V class ferry when built
MV Queen of Nanaimo	Burnaby	1964 (1974)	192	1163	Originally a V class ferry when built, to be retired in mid 2017
MV Queen of Burnaby	Burnaby	1965 (1972)	192	659	Originally a V class ferry when built, to be retired in early 2017
MV Salish Orca	Salish	2016	145	600	Currently Under construction in Poland, Scheduled to enter service in early 2017
MV Salish Eagle	Salish	2016	145	600	Currently under construction in Poland, scheduled to enter service in mid 2017
MV Salish Raven	Salish	2016	145	600	Currently under construction in Poland, scheduled to enter service in mid 2017
MV Northern Expedition	None	2009	130	600
MV Northern Adventure	None	2004	101	600	Purchased in late-2006 to replace the sunken Queen of the North
MV Queen of Capilano	I	1991 (2015)	100	462	Auto Capacity increased from 85 in 2015.
MV Queen of Cumberland	I	1992 (2016)	127	462
MV Island Sky	I	2008	125	450
MV Skeena Queen	Century	1997	100	600
MV Powell River Queen	Powell River	1965 (1979)	68	408	Stretched in 1979 to increase capacity
MV Mayne Queen	Powell River	1965 (1979)	70	400	Stretched in 1979 to increase capacity
MV Bowen Queen	Powell River	1965 (1979)	70	400	Stretched in 1979 to increase capacity
MV Howe Sound Queen	None	1964 (2008)	70	300	Purchased in 1971
MV Quinitsa	Q	1977 (2008)	50	394	Transferred to BC Ferries in 1985
MV Baynes Sound Connector	None	2015	50	150	Longest Cable Ferry in the world; First and only cable ferry owned by BCFerries.
MV Quinsam	Q	1982 (2010)	70	400	Transferred to BC Ferries in 1985
MV North Island Princess	None	1958 (1971)	49	293	Purchased in 1969; capacity increased in 1971 Sold in 1977, re-acquired in 1985
MV Quadra Queen II	T	1969 (2010)	30	293	Transferred to BC Ferries in 1985
MV Tachek	T	1969 (2011)	30	243	Transferred to BC Ferries in 1985
MV Klitsa	K	1972	26	195	Transferred to BC Ferries in 1985
MV Kahloke	K	1973	30	200	Transferred to BC Ferries in 1985
MV Kwuna	K	1975	26	154	Transferred to BC Ferries in 1985
MV Kuper	K	1985 (2006)	32	269	Purchased in 2006
MV Nicola	N	1960	16	133	Transferred to BC Ferries in 1985 Owned but not operated by BC Ferries
MV Nimpkish	N	1973	16	125	Transferred to BC Ferries in 1985

Former vessels

• List of retired BC Ferries ships
• PacifiCat-class ferry

Accidents and incidents

The following is a summary of some of the incidents that have occurred involving BC Ferries vessels.

Queen of Victoria

On August 2, 1970, the Soviet freighter Sergey Yesenin collided with Queen of Victoria in Active Pass, slicing through the middle of the ferry, days after its return to service following stretching. Three people were killed, and damage was estimated at over $1 million (1970 dollars). The Soviet ship was not supposed to be in Active Pass, and as such, the Soviet government was forced to compensate BC Ferries.

Years later, while in Active Pass and within metres of the site of the 1970 collision, Queen of Victoria was disabled by a fire in the engine room.

Queen of Alberni

On August 9, 1979, Queen of Alberni was transiting through Active Pass when it ran aground on Galiano Island, tipping fifteen degrees to starboard. Several large commercial vehicles on board the vessel at the time were damaged. No persons were injured, but a racehorse on board was killed.

On June 1989, Queen of Alberni collided with the loading dock at Departure Bay, causing significant damage to the ship and dock. Six people were injured, including a cook who suffered a fractured cheekbone as he was walking down a set of stairs.

On March 12, 1992, at 8:08 am (16:08 UTC), Queen of Alberni collided with the Japanese freighter Shinwa Maru southwest of Tsawwassen. The collision occurred in heavy fog, with both vessels suffering minor damage. Injuries included 2 serious and 25 minor injuries for the 260 people on the ferry, while none of the 11 people aboard the freighter received injuries.^[14]

Queen of Cowichan

On August 12, 1985, three people were killed when Queen of Cowichan ran over a pleasure boat near the Horseshoe Bay terminal.

Queen of Saanich

On the morning of February 6, 1992, Queen of Saanich and the passenger ship Royal Vancouver collided in heavy fog while navigating near the northern entrance of Active Pass. A total of 23 passengers aboard Royal Vancouver were injured. Blame was cast on the crew of Royal Vancouver for failing to track Queen of Saanich on radar, though both vessels were equipped with sophisticated radar systems.

Queen of Nanaimo

On November 2, 2013, the ship was pushed off course by severe weather as it was leaving the berth at Village Bay, Mayne Island. It damaged a private dock, and no one was injured. There was damage to the ship and all Tsawwassen-Gulf Islands sailings had to be cancelled while it was repaired.^[15]

Queen of New Westminster

In October 1971, Queen of New Westminster pulled out of its berth at the Departure Bay terminal while vehicle loading was in progress. A car and its two occupants fell into the water. Both of the vehicle's occupants were rescued.

In a similar incident, on August 13, 1992, the same vessel pulled out of its berth at the Departure Bay terminal while vehicle loading ramps were still lowered and resting on the ship. Three people were killed, including two children, one was seriously injured, and two others received minor injuries when a van from Alberta containing 6 people fell 15 m (about 50 ft) from the upper deck onto the lower car deck and finally into the sea below. The van had been stopped and instructed to wait on the loading ramp by terminal crew members. The Transportation Safety Board of Canada determined that the accident was caused by the vessel not properly following departing procedures and secondarily due to poor communication between terminal and ship crew members.^[16]

Mayne Queen

On November 7, 1995, Mayne Queen departed from Snug Cove and ran into a neighbouring marina, heavily damaging a floating dock in addition to 12 small pleasure boats, one of which sank. The crash was primarily attributed to human error and while transferring steering and power control from one control panel to the other located in the ship. The vessel's captain was also inexperienced with the Mayne Queen and normally piloted other vessels. More alarming was the fact that the captain promptly left the scene of the accident after the incident without conducting a proper damage assessment.^[17]

On August 12, 1996, Mayne Queen departed Swartz Bay terminal and ran aground off Piers Island after losing steering control. The grounding occurred while performing a regular weekly test of the batteries for the steering control system. A crew member overheard there was going to be a test, and in an attempt to be helpful and without direction, cut all power from the vessel's steering batteries, as he had done at night when the ship was stored, not realizing that the test in question only required the removal of a battery charger and that his assistance was neither requested nor required. No one was injured in the incident, and the vessel was assisted off the rocks at high tide, but it suffered extensive damage to its propulsion system, having two of the four steering and propulsion pods for the right-angle drives sheared off and one of the two remaining pods suffering propeller damage.^[18]

Spirit of Vancouver Island

On September 14, 2000, Spirit of Vancouver Island collided with the 9.72 m (about 32 ft) Star Ruby while attempting to overtake the vessel in a narrow channel. The collision occurred approximately 1 km (about ½ mi) from the Swartz Bay Terminal, where the ferry had departed from. Spirit of Vancouver Island struck Star Ruby on its port side, causing the pleasure craft to flip over and eventually right itself, though swamped and heavily damaged. Two passengers aboard Star Ruby later died as a result of injuries sustained by the collision.^[19]

On July 13, 2003, Spirit of Vancouver Island collided with the dock at Swartz Bay. Four passengers suffered minor injuries. The accident caused tens of thousands of dollars of damage to the dock and the ship.

On October 9, 2009, a standby generator on Spirit of Vancouver Island caught fire on an early morning sailing out of Swartz Bay Terminal. No one was injured in the incident, but it caused major delays in the ferry system because of the already large volume of traffic for Thanksgiving weekend. Eight sailings were cancelled that day, and the ship remained out of service for the weekend.^[20]

Queen of Surrey

On May 12, 2003, Queen of Surrey was disabled as a result of an engine room fire. Queen of Capilano was dispatched and tethered to Queen of Surrey while tugboats were dispatched. The vessel was then towed back to shore. None of the 318 passengers were injured, but several crew members were treated for minor injuries. Some buckling of the main car deck resulted from the heat of the fire, but no vehicles were damaged in the incident.^[21]

Queen of Oak Bay

On June 30, 2005, at about 10:10 a.m. (17:10 UTC), the vessel Queen of Oak Bay, on the Nanaimo–Horseshoe Bay (Trans-Canada Highway) ferry route, lost power four minutes before it was to dock at the Horseshoe Bay terminal. The vessel became adrift, unable to change speed but able to steer with the rudders. The horn was blown steadily, and an announcement telling passengers to brace for impact was made minutes before the 139 m (456 ft) ship slowly ran into the nearby Sewell's Marina, where it destroyed or damaged 28 pleasure craft and subsequently went aground a short distance from the shore. No casualties or injuries were reported.^{[22] [23] [24]}

On July 1, 2005, BC Ferries issued a statement that Transport Canada, the Transportation Safety Board, and Lloyd's Register of Shipping were reviewing the control and mechanical systems on board to find a fault. An inspection revealed minimal damage to the ship, with only some minor damage to a metal fender, paint scrapes to the rudder, and some minor scrapes to one blade of a propeller.

On July 7, 2005, BC Ferries concluded that a missing cotter pin was to blame. The pin normally retained a nut on a linkage between an engine speed governor and the fuel control for one of the engines. Without the pin, the nut fell off and the linkage separated, causing the engine, clutches, and propellers to increase in speed until overspeed safety devices tripped and shut down the entire propulsion system. The faulty speed governor had been serviced 17 days before the incident during a $35-million upgrade, and the cotter pin had not been properly replaced at that time.

The Queen of Oak Bay was quickly repaired and tested at sea trials. It returned to regular service on July 8, 2005. A complete investigation report consisting of a 14-page Divisional Inquiry and a 28-page Engineering Incident Investigation was released in September 2006.^[25]

The Transportation Safety Board's Marine Investigation Report, released on September 6, 2007, indicated that "inadequacies in BC Ferries' procedures on safety-critical maintenance tasks and on ship handling during berthing operations" were major contributing factors to the accident. It appears that insufficient oversight of work done by contractors also played a role in the accident.

Queen of the North

On March 22, 2006, Queen of the North sank 135 km (81 mi, 70 nautical miles) south of Prince Rupert, British Columbia, when it struck Gil Island at approximately 1:00 a.m. Two people from 100 Mile House went missing. BC Ferries CEO David Hahn said, "There is a real possibility that they went down with the ship." It is unlikely that it will be possible to salvage Queen of the North.

Officials have determined the cause of the accident was human error by three BC Ferries employees neglecting their navigational duties. Charges of criminal negligence causing death were considered, and a class action lawsuit for the passengers is proceeding while the Ferry and Marine Union seeks to reinstate the fired crew who failed to provide information to the $1 million TSB enquiry.^[26]

Quinsam

On January 9, 2007, Quinsam was loading traffic from Nanaimo to Gabriola Island when it unexpectedly pulled out of its berth. A pickup truck on the boarding ramp plunged into the water below. Ferry workers were able to warn the truck's lone occupant, who was able to escape before the vehicle fell.^[27]

Coastal Inspiration

On December 20, 2011, at 14:50 (21:50 UTC), Coastal Inspiration crashed into the Duke Point terminal, causing minor injuries to one passenger and crew member. The collision damaged the loading ramp, and foot passengers were held up for an hour before being unloaded; the vessel was rerouted to Departure Bay to unload its vehicle traffic.^[28] An electrical component failure in the propulsion control system was blamed for the crash.^[29] The ferry was taken out of service for repairs before resuming service on January 20, 2012.^[30] The damage caused the Duke Point terminal to be closed for five months, resulting in all services from Tsawwassen to be rerouted into Departure Bay. The terminal reopened for service on May 1, 2012.^[31]

In film

Film	Year	Vessel or Class
Five Easy Pieces	1970	Mill Bay
Food of the Gods	1976	Howe Sound Queen
The Other Side of the Mountain	1978	Queen of Victoria
Shoot To Kill	1988	Queen of Vancouver
Bird On A Wire	1990	Queen of Burnaby or Queen of Nanaimo
Another Stakeout	1993	Powell River Class
Mr. Magoo	1997	Queen of Esquimalt
Disturbing Behavior	1998	Queen of Capilano
Double Jeopardy	1999	Quadra Queen II
Black Point	2002	Mill Bay
Scary Movie 3	2003	Powell River Class
Battlestar Galactica miniseries	2003	V-Class
Walking Tall	2004	Albert J Savoie
Elektra	2005	Albert J Savoie
The Mermaid Chair	2006	Mill Bay
The Suite Life Movie	2011	Northern Expedition
The Killing	2012	Queen of Capilano

See also

• Alaska Marine Highway – Alaska's Marine Highway System, similar to BC Ferries. Also serves Prince Rupert.
• Barnston Island Ferry – a ferry operated by the BC Ministry of Transportation
• Black Ball Line
• Bowen Island Ferry – history of the Horseshoe Bay - Bowen Island ferry.
• British Columbia Ministry of Transportation – responsible for the ferries on the lakes and rivers of the BC Interior.
• Fast Ferry Scandal – information about the Pacificat class of vessels that BC Ferries briefly operated.
• Georgia Strait Bridge – a controversial idea of replacing the ferry service with a fixed link between Vancouver Island and the BC mainland.
• Inter-Island Ferry Authority
• Kootenay Lake Ferry – a ferry in the British Columbia interior operated by the BC Ministry of Transportation
• Marine Atlantic – An east-coast analogue of BC Ferries.
• Washington State Ferries

Shipyards

• Allied Shipbuilders Ltd.
• Burrard Dry Dock
• Vancouver Shipyard
• Victoria Machinery Depot
• Washington Marine Group – Originally called the Vancouver Shipyards Co. Ltd.
• Yarrow Shipbuilders

Notes

References

• Bannerman, Gary and Patricia. The Ships of British Columbia – An Illustrated History of the British Columbia Ferry Corporation. Surrey: Hancock House Publishers, 1985

Press releases

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to BC Ferries.

• Official website (Mobile)
• BCF Vessel Tracking – realtime vessel positions
• West Coast Ferries
• BC Ferry & Marine Workers Union
• BC Ferries Commission
• BC Ferries and Ships on the BC Coast (very extensive photo galleries)