Asteroxylon

Asteroxylon
Temporal range: Early Devonian
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Lycopodiophyta
Class: Lycopodiopsida
Order: Drepanophycales
Family: Asteroxylaceae
Genus: Asteroxylon
Kidston & Lang 1920
Species: Asteroxylon mackiei
Kidston & Lang (Type species)

Asteroxylon ("star-shaped xylem") is an extinct genus of vascular plants of the Division Lycopodiophyta known from anatomically preserved specimens described from the famous Early Devonian Rhynie chert and Windyfield chert in Aberdeenshire, Scotland.[1][2] Asteroxylon is considered the most basal member of the Lycopsida.[3]

Description

Asteroxylon is a genus of terrestrial vascular plant which flourished in the Early Devonian period. This plant consisted of aerial, isotomously and anisotomously branching stems that reached 12 mm in diameter and 40 cm in length. [4] The possibly procumbent aerial stems arose from a leaf-less rhizome which bore smaller-diameter, positively geotropic root-like branches. [4] The rhizomes reached a depth of up to 20 cm below the surface.[5] The xylem or conducting tissue at the center of the aerial stems is distinctly star-shaped in cross-section and has been considered an early actinostele or an "Asteroxylon-type" protostele. [6] The tracheids are of the primitive annular or helical type (so-called G-type).[7] "Leaves" – not true leaves, but protrusions – were of the form of unbranched strap-shaped enations up to 5 mm long; a single vascular trace branched from the main bundle in the centre of the stem to terminate at the base of each enation.[3][6] Enations and axes bore stomata, indicating that their tissues were capable of photosynthesis.[8]

Asteroxylon differs from other similar Early Devonian lycopsids such as Drepanophycus and Baragwanathia in that the singular vascular leaf trace in these latter plants extends into the leaf. [3] The leaves of Drepanophycus and Baragwanathia are therefore considered to be true microphylls or, alternatively, small leaves. [9]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Kidston R & Lang WH (1920) On Old red sandstone plants showing structure from the Rhynie chert bed, Aberdeenshire. Part III. Asteroxylon mackiei, Kidston & Lang. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 52, 643-680
  2. ↑ Rice, C. M.; Ashcroft, W. A.; Batten, D. J.; Boyce, A. J.; Caulfield, J. B. D.; Fallick, A. E.; Hole, M. J.; Jones, E.; Pearson, M. J.; Rogers, G.; Saxton, J. M.; Stuart, F. M.; Trewin, N. H.; Turner, G.; et al. (1995). "A Devonian auriferous hot spring system, Rhynie, Scotland". Journal of the Geological Society, London. 152 (2): 229–250. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.152.2.0229.
  3. 1 2 3 Hao, Shougang; Xue, Jinzhuang (2013). The Early Devonian Posongchong Flora of Yunnan - A Contribution to an Understanding of the Evolution and Early Diversification of Vascular Plants. Beijing: Science Press. pp. 244–245. ISBN 978-7-03-036616-0.
  4. 1 2 Strullu‐Derrien, Christine; Wawrzyniak, Zuzanna; Goral, Tomasz; Kenrick, Paul (2015). "Fungal colonization of the rooting system of the early land plant Asteroxylon mackiei from the 407‐Myr‐old Rhynie Chert (Scotland, UK)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 179 (1): 201–213.
  5. ↑ Smoot, E.L.; Jansen, R.K.; Taylor, T.N. (1981). "A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Land Plants: A Botanical Commentary". Taxon. International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT). 30 (1): 65–67. doi:10.2307/1219392. JSTOR 1219392.
  6. 1 2 Kerp, Hans; Wellman, Charles H.; Krings, Michael; Kearney, Patricia; Hass, Hagen (2013). "Reproductive organs and in situ spores of Asteroxylon mackiei Kidston & Lang, the most complex plant from the lower Devonian Rhynie chert". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 174 (3): 293–308. doi:10.1086/668613.
  7. ↑ Kenrick, Paul & Crane, Peter R. (1997), The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, ISBN 978-1-56098-730-7
  8. ↑ Wilson, Jonathon P.; Fischer, Woodward W. (2011). "Hydraulics of Asteroxylon mackei, an early Devonian vascular plant, and the early evolution of water transport tissue in terrestrial plants". Geobiology. 9 (2): 121–130.
  9. ↑ Tomescu, Alexandru M.F. (2009). "Megaphylls, microphylls and the evolution of leaf development". Trends in Plant Science. 14 (1): 5–12. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2008.10.008.
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