Ashy prinia

Ashy prinia
P. s. socialis showing tail graduation.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Cisticolidae[2]
Genus: Prinia
Species: P. socialis
Binomial name
Prinia socialis
(Sykes, 1832)
Synonyms

Burnesia socialis

The ashy prinia or ashy wren-warbler (Prinia socialis) is a small warbler. This prinia is a resident breeder in the Indian Subcontinent, ranging across most of India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and western Myanmar. It is a common bird in urban gardens and farmland in many parts of India and its small size, distinctive colours and upright tail make it easy to identify. The northern populations have a rufous rump and back and have a distinct breeding and non-breeding plumage while other populations lack such variation.

Description

P. s. stewartii with supercilium visible (Haryana, India)
in Lalbagh - Bangalore

These 13–14 cm long warblers have short rounded wings and longish graduated cream tail tipped with black subterminal spots. The tail is usually held upright and the strong legs are used for clambering about and hopping on the ground. They have a short black bill. The crown is grey and the underparts are rufous in most plumages. In breeding plumage, adults of the northern population are ash grey above, with a black crown and cheek with no supercilium and rufescent wings. In non-breeding season, this population has a short and narrow white supercilium and the tail is longer.[3] They are found singly or in pairs in shrubbery and will often visit the ground.[4]

In winter, the northern subspecies, P. s. stewartii Blyth, 1847, has warm brown upperparts and a longer tail and has seasonal variation in plumage. The other races retain summer plumage all year round. West Bengal and eastwards has race inglisi Whistler & Kinnear, 1933 which is darker slaty above than the nominate race of the Peninsula and deeper rufous on the flanks with a finer and shorter beak. The distinctive endemic race in Sri Lanka, P. s. brevicauda Legge, 1879, has a shorter tail and has the juveniles with yellowish underparts apart from a distinct call.[3]

Distribution and habitat

This passerine bird is found in dry open grassland, open woodland, scrub and in home gardens in many cities. The northern limits of the species are along the Himalayan foothills extending into the upper Indus river system. The species is absent from the dry desert zone of the west of India and extends east into Burma. The Sri Lankan population is found mainly in the lowlands but going up into the hills to about 1600 m.[4]

Behaviour and ecology

Like most warblers, the ashy prinia is insectivorous. The song is a repetitive tchup, tchup, tchup or zeet-zeet-zeet. Another call is a nasal tee-tee-tee. It also makes a sound like "electric sparks" during the fluttery flight which is thought to be produced by the wings.[3] (one author however suggests that it is made by the beak[5])

It is most easily distinguished by the loud snapping noise it makes during flight. How this noise is produced we do not know for certain. Reid was of opinion that the bird snapped its long tail. What exactly this means I do not know. Jesse believes that the sound is produced by the bird's mandibles. I have spent much time in watching the bird, and am inclined to think that the noise is caused by the beating of the wings against the tail. This last is constantly being wagged and jerked, and it seems to me that the wings beat against it as the bird flits about. When doves and pigeons fly, their wings frequently meet, causing a flapping sound. I am of opinion that something similar occurs when the ashy wren-warbler takes to its wings.

— Douglas Dewar[6]
In Pune, India
Calls with the "spark" sounds at end

The non-migratory Prinia genus shows biannual moult which is rare among passerines. A moult occurs in spring (April–May) and another moult occurs in autumn (October–November). Biannual moult is theorized to be favoured when ectoparasite loads are very high, however no investigations have been made. Prinia socialis moults some remiges twice a year and is termed to have a partially biannual moult[7] however some authors describe P. socialis socialis as having two complete moults.[4]

Birds stay in pairs but roost singly on the branch of a small tree or shrub.[8]

Breeding

Nest with eggs, Hyderabad, India

The song is delivered from the top of a bush and males make fluttery display flights with the tail held up. The ashy prinia builds its nest close to the ground in a shrub or tall grass and lays 3–5 eggs. Several types of nests have been described including a flimsy cup made by sewing several large leaves; an oblong purse like structure with grass stems in the structure; and a flimsy ball of grass.[4][9] The usual nest is placed low in a bush and consists of leaves stitched together with webs, lined with hair[10] and having an entrance on the side. The eggs are of a somewhat pointed oval form and exceedingly glossy. They vary from brick-red to rich chestnut in colour, some being paler, some darker. The broad end of the egg is generally darker than the remainder of the shell, and exhibits a cap or zone. The eggs measure from 0.6 to 0.68 inches length, and from 0.45 to 0.5 in breadth.[11] The eggs hatch in about 12 days.[12]

The breeding season varies with locality and has been recorded breeding around the year but mostly after the monsoons.[13] In north India it is mainly June to September and in Sri Lanka mainly December to March or August to October.[3] Breeds during May–June in the Nilgiris.[11] The species is believed to be monogamous and both the male and the female take part in incubation and feeding though to varying extents.[14] Parents may spend more time at the nest during cool days.[15][16] The eggs hatch in about 12 days.[13] Cuckoos Cacomantis merulinus and Cacomantis passerinus have been known to be brood parasites of this species.[17] When the nest is threatened by predators such as cats, adults have been observed feigning injury.[12]

Rare cases of birds reusing material from a nest to rebuild a nest at a new location have been noted.[13]

References

  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2012). "Prinia socialis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. ↑ Alström, Per; Ericson, Per G.P.; Olsson, Urban; Sundberg, Per (Feb 2006). "Phylogeny and classiWcation of the avian superfamily Sylvioidea". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 38 (2): 381–397. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.05.015. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 16054402.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Rasmussen, P. C. & Anderton, J. (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-67-9.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Ali, S. & Ripley, S. D. (1997). Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 8 (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 55–60.
  5. ↑ Uttangi, J. C. (1991). ""Electric sparks" from Ashy Wren Warbler". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 31 (7&8): 14.
  6. ↑ Dewar, Douglas (1908). Birds of the Plains. p. 222.
  7. ↑ Hall, KSS & Tullberg, BS (2004). "Phylogenetic analyses of the diversity of moult strategies in Sylviidae in relation to migration" (PDF). Evolutionary Ecology. 18: 85–105. doi:10.1023/B:EVEC.0000017848.20735.8b.
  8. ↑ Hemanth, J. (1990). "On the roosting of the Ashy Wren-Warbler". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 30 (5&6): 15.
  9. ↑ Ramanan, R. V. (1995). "The nest of Ashy Wren Warbler Prinia socialis". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 35 (1): 17.
  10. ↑ Bhambral, R. (1966). "Dog's hair used for nest by Ashy Wren Warblers". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 6 (8): 7.
  11. 1 2 Oates, E. W. (1905). Catalogue of the collection of birds' eggs in the British Museum. British Museum.
  12. 1 2 Chakravarthy, AK; Subramanya, S; Nagarajan, S (1980). "The nesting of the Ashy Wren-Warbler Prinia socialis, Sykes in Bangalore". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 20 (4): 8–9.
  13. 1 2 3 George,J. C. (1962). Nest-shifting behaviour of the Ashy Wren-Warbler (PDF). The Auk. 78. pp. 435–6.
  14. ↑ Karthikeyan, S (1993). "Monogamy in Ashywren Warbler Prinia socialis: How much do sexes share domestic duties". In Verghese, A; Sridhar, S; Chakravarthy, AK. Bird Conservation: Strategies for the Nineties and Beyond. Ornithological Society of India, Bangalore. pp. 200–201.
  15. ↑ Wesley, H. D. (1994). "Nest-temperature regulation during incubation in Ashy Wren-Warbler". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 34 (2): 29–31.
  16. ↑ Desai, R. N. (1993). "Atmospheric temperature and the incubation pattern in the Ashy Wren-Warbler Prinia socialis". In Verghese, A; Sridhar, S; Chakravarthy, AK. Bird Conservation: Strategies for the Nineties and Beyond. Bangalore: Ornithological Society of India. p. 176.
  17. ↑ Lowther, Peter E. (2007). Host list of Avian brood parasites – 2. (PDF). Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.

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