Archipolypoda
| Archipolypoda Temporal range: Wenlock–Pennsylvanian | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Reconstruction of Acantherpestes major | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Myriapoda |
| Class: | Diplopoda |
| Subclass: | Chilognatha |
| Superorder: | †Archipolypoda Scudder, 1882 |
| Orders | |
| Synonyms | |
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Macrosterni Fritsch, 1899 | |
Cross-section (left) and side view (right) of a Euphoberiid archipolypodan body segment showing prominent tergal spines and two pair of legs.
Archipolypoda is an extinct group of millipedes known from fossils in Europe and North America and containing the earliest known land animals.[1] The Archipolypoda was erected by Scudder (1882)[2] but redefined in 2005 with the description of several new species from Scotland.[3] Distinguishing characteristics include relatively large eyes with densely packed ocelli (sometimes interpreted as compound eyes), and modified leg pairs on the 8th body ring.[3][4] Some species had prominent spines while others had a flattened appearance.[3][5]
Classification
The Archipolypoda as currently recognized consists of four orders,[6] many with monotypic families and genera, as well as five species of uncertain placement (incertae sedis).[3][7]
Archidesmida Wilson & Anderson 2004
- Archidesmidae Scudder, 1885
- Archidesmus macnicoli Peach, 1882. Lower Devonian, Scotland
- Zanclodesmidae Wilson, Daeschler, & Desbiens 2005
- Zanclodesmus willetti Wilson, Daeschler, & Desbiens 2005. Upper Devonian, Quebec, Canada
- Orsadesmus rubecollus Wilson, Daeschler, & Desbiens 2005. Upper Devonian, Pennsylvania, USA
Cowiedesmida Wilson & Anderson 2004
- Cowiedesmidae Wilson & Anderson 2004
- Cowiedesmus eroticopodus Wilson & Anderson 2004. Mid Silurian, Scotland.
Euphoberiida Hoffman, 1969
- Euphoberiidae Scudder, 1882. Upper Carboniferous of Europe and North America.
- Acantherpestes Meek & Worthen, 1868
- Euphoberia Meek & Worthen, 1868
- Myriacantherpestes Burke, 1979
Palaeosomatida Hannibal & Krzeminski, 2005. Carboniferous, UK and Poland[8]
- Palaeosomatidae Hannibal & Krzeminski, 2005
Order incertae sedis
- Albadesmus almond Wilson & Anderson 2004 Mid Silurian Scotland
- Anaxeodesmus diambonotus Wilson 2005 Upper Carboniferous, UK.
- Anthracodesmus macconochiei, Peach, 1899
- Palaeodesmus tuberculata (Brade-Birks, 1923) (=Kampecaris tuberculata) Lower Devonian, Scotland.
- Pneumodesmus newmani Wilson & Anderson 2004 Mid Silurian, Scotland
See also
- Arthropleuridea- Another group of extinct millipedes
- Euthycarcinoidea, a group of enigmatic arthropods that may be ancestral to myriapods
- Colonization of land, major evolutionary stages leading to terrestrial organisms
References
- ↑ Selden, Paul; Helen Read (2008). "The Oldest Land Animals: Silurian Millipedes from Scotland" (PDF). Bulletin of the British Myriapod & Isopod Group. 23: 36–37.
- ↑ Scudder, Samuel H. (1882). "Archipolypoda, a Subordinal Type of Spined Myriapods from the Carboniferous Formation". Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History. 3 (5): 143.
- 1 2 3 4 Wilson, Heather M.; Anderson, Lyall I. (2004). "Morphology and taxonomy of Paleozoic millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland". Journal of Paleontology. 78 (1): 169–184. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0169:MATOPM>2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 4094847.
- ↑ Sierwald, Petra; Bond, Jason E. (2007). "Current Status of the Myriapod Class Diplopoda (Millipedes): Taxonomic Diversity and Phylogeny". Annual Review of Entomology. 52 (1): 401–420. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.111805.090210. PMID 17163800.
- ↑ Wilson, Heather M.; Daeschler, Edward B.; Desbiens, Sylvain (2005). "New Flat-Backed Archipolypodan Millipedes from the Upper Devonian of North America". Journal of Paleontology. 79 (4): 738–744. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[0738:NFAMFT]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 4095046.
- ↑ Shear, William A.; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2010). "The geological record and phylogeny of the Myriapoda". Arthropod Structure & Development. 39 (2–3): 174–190. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2009.11.002. PMID 19944188.
- ↑ Wilson, Heather M. (2005). "A new genus of Archipolypodan millipede from the Coseley Lagerstatte, Upper Carboniferous, UK". Palaeontology. 48 (5): 1097–1100. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2005.00496.x.
- ↑ Hannibal, Joseph T.; Krzeminski, Wieslaw (2005). "A palaeosomatid millipede (Archipolypoda: palaeosomatida) from the Carboniferous (Namurian A) of Silesia, Poland". Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne. 74 (3): 205–217.
External links
- Archipolypoda- The Virtual Fossil Museum
- Orsadesmus rubecollus, Devonian Times
- Fossil find 'oldest land animal'- BBC News
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