Antwerp

Antwerp Antwerpen
Municipality
Top: The Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekathedraal and Boerentoren as seen from Linkeroever Bottom: View of the city centre from the top of Museum aan de Stroom
Flag Coat of arms
Antwerp Location in Belgium
Antwerp municipality in the province of Antwerp
Coordinates: 51°13′N 04°24′E / 51.217°N 4.400°E / 51.217; 4.400Coordinates: 51°13′N 04°24′E / 51.217°N 4.400°E / 51.217; 4.400
Country	Belgium
Community	Flemish Community
Region	Flemish Region
Province	Antwerp
Arrondissement	Antwerp
Government
• Mayor (list)	Bart De Wever (N-VA)
• Governing party/ies	1. N-VA 2. CD&V 3. Open Vld
Area
• Total	204.51 km2 (78.96 sq mi)
Population (1 January 2016)[1]
• Total	517,042
• Density	2,500/km2 (6,500/sq mi)
Demonym(s)	Antwerpenaar (m) Antwerpse (f) (Dutch)
Postal codes	2000–2660
Area codes	03
Website	www.antwerpen.be

Antwerp (ⁱ/ˈæntwɜːrp/, Dutch: Antwerpen [ˈɑntʋɛrpə(n)], French: Anvers [ɑ̃vɛʁ(s)]) is a city in Belgium, the capital of Antwerp province in the region of Flanders. With a population of 510,610,^[2] it is the most populous city proper in Belgium. Its metropolitan area houses around 1,200,000 people, which is second behind Brussels.^[3][4]

Antwerp is on the River Scheldt, linked to the North Sea by the Westerschelde estuary. The Port of Antwerp is one of the biggest in the world, ranking second in Europe^[5] and within the top 20 globally.^[6]

Antwerp has long been an important city in the Low Countries, both economically and culturally, especially before the Spanish Fury (1576) in the Dutch Revolt. The inhabitants of Antwerp are nicknamed Sinjoren, after the Spanish honorific señor or French seigneur, "lord", referring to the Spanish noblemen who ruled the city in the 17th century.^[7] The city also hosted the 1920 Summer Olympics.

Climate

Antwerp has an oceanic climate.

Climate data for Antwerp (Source: IRM/KMI)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	6.2 (43.2)	7.0 (44.6)	10.8 (51.4)	14.4 (57.9)	18.4 (65.1)	20.9 (69.6)	23.2 (73.8)	23.1 (73.6)	19.7 (67.5)	15.3 (59.5)	10.1 (50.2)	6.6 (43.9)	14.7 (58.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)	3.4 (38.1)	3.7 (38.7)	6.8 (44.2)	9.6 (49.3)	13.6 (56.5)	16.2 (61.2)	18.5 (65.3)	18.2 (64.8)	15.1 (59.2)	11.3 (52.3)	7.0 (44.6)	4.0 (39.2)	10.62 (51.12)
Average low °C (°F)	0.7 (33.3)	0.5 (32.9)	2.8 (37)	4.8 (40.6)	8.8 (47.8)	11.7 (53.1)	13.8 (56.8)	13.2 (55.8)	10.6 (51.1)	7.4 (45.3)	4.1 (39.4)	1.5 (34.7)	6.7 (44.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	69.3 (2.728)	57.4 (2.26)	63.8 (2.512)	47.1 (1.854)	61.5 (2.421)	77.0 (3.031)	80.6 (3.173)	77.3 (3.043)	77.2 (3.039)	78.7 (3.098)	79.0 (3.11)	79.5 (3.13)	848.4 (33.402)

History

Origin of the name

According to folklore, notably celebrated by a statue in front of the town hall, the city got its name from a legend about a giant called Antigoon who lived near the Scheldt river. He exacted a toll from passing boatmen, and for those who refused, he severed one of their hands and threw it into the river.^[8] Eventually the giant was killed by a young hero named Silvius Brabo, who cut off the giant's own hand and flung it into the river. Hence the name Antwerpen, from Dutch hand werpen, akin to Old English hand and wearpan (to throw), which has evolved to today's warp.^[9]

A longstanding theory is that the name originated in the Gallo-Roman period and comes from the Latin antverpia. Antverpia would come from Ante (before) Verpia (deposition, sedimentation), indicating land that forms by deposition in the inside curve of a river (which is in fact the same origin as Germanic waerpen). Note that the river Scheldt, before a transition period between 600 and 750, followed a different track. This must have coincided roughly with the current ringway south of the city, situating the city within a former curve of the river.^[10] However, many historians think it unlikely that there was a large settlement which would be named 'Antverpia', but more something like an outpost with a river crossing.

However, John Lothrop Motley argues, and so do a lot of Dutch etymologists and historians, that Antwerp's name derives from an 't werf (on the wharf, in the same meaning as the current English wharf).^[11] Aan 't werp (at the warp) is also possible. This "warp" (thrown ground) is a man-made hill or a river deposit, high enough to remain dry at high tide, whereupon a construction could be built that would remain dry. Another word for werp is pol (dyke) hence polders (the dry land behind a dyke, that was no longer flooded by the tide).

Pre-1500

Historical Antwerp allegedly had its origins in a Gallo-Roman vicus. Excavations carried out in the oldest section near the Scheldt, 1952–1961 (ref. Princeton), produced pottery shards and fragments of glass from mid-2nd century to the end of the 3rd century. The earliest mention of Antwerp dates from the 4th century.

In the 4th century, Antwerp was first named, having been settled by the Germanic Franks.^[12] The name was reputed to have been derived from "anda" (at) and "werpum" (wharf).^[11]

The Merovingian Antwerp was evangelized by Saint Amand in the 7th century. At the end of the 10th century, the Scheldt became the boundary of the Holy Roman Empire. Antwerp became a margraviate in 980, by the German emperor Otto I, a border province facing the County of Flanders.

In the 11th century Godfrey of Bouillon was for some years known as the marquis of Antwerp. In the 12th century, Norbert of Xanten established a community of his Premonstratensian canons at St. Michael's Abbey at Caloes. Antwerp was also the headquarters of Edward III during his early negotiations with Jacob van Artevelde, and his son Lionel, the Duke of Clarence, was born there in 1338.

16th century

After the silting-up of the Zwin and the consequent decline of Bruges, the city of Antwerp, then part of the Duchy of Brabant, grew in importance. At the end of the 15th century the foreign trading houses were transferred from Bruges to Antwerp, and the building assigned to the English nation is specifically mentioned in 1510. Antwerp became the sugar capital of Europe, importing the raw commodity from Portuguese and Spanish plantations. The city attracted Italian and German sugar refiners by 1550, and shipped their refined product to Germany, especially Cologne.^[13] Moneylenders and financiers developed a large business lending money all over Europe including the English government in 1544–1574. London bankers were too small to operate on that scale, and Antwerp had a highly efficient bourse that itself attracted rich bankers from around Europe. After the 1570s the city's banking business declined: England ended its borrowing in Antwerp in 1574.^[14]

Fernand Braudel states that Antwerp became "the centre of the entire international economy, something Bruges had never been even at its height."^[15] Antwerp was the richest city in Europe at this time.^[16] Antwerp's golden age is tightly linked to the "Age of Exploration". During the first half of the 16th century Antwerp grew to become the second-largest European city north of the Alps. Many foreign merchants were resident in the city. Francesco Guicciardini, the Venetian envoy, stated that hundreds of ships would pass in a day, and 2,000 carts entered the city each week. Portuguese ships laden with pepper and cinnamon would unload their cargo. According to Luc-Normand Tellier "It is estimated that the port of Antwerp was earning the Spanish crown seven times more revenues than the Americas."^[17]

Without a long-distance merchant fleet, and governed by an oligarchy of banker-aristocrats forbidden to engage in trade, the economy of Antwerp was foreigner-controlled, which made the city very cosmopolitan, with merchants and traders from Venice, Ragusa, Spain and Portugal. Antwerp had a policy of toleration, which attracted a large Orthodox Jewish community.

Antwerp experienced three booms during its golden age: the first based on the pepper market, a second launched by American silver coming from Seville (ending with the bankruptcy of Spain in 1557), and a third boom, after the stabilising Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, based on the textiles industry. At the beginning of the 16th century Antwerp accounted for 40% of world trade.^[17] The boom-and-bust cycles and inflationary cost-of-living squeezed less-skilled workers. In the century after 1541, however, the city's economy and population declined dramatically, while rival Amsterdam experienced massive growth.

The religious revolution of the Reformation erupted in violent riots in August 1566, as in other parts of the Low Countries. The regent Margaret, Duchess of Parma, was swept aside when Philip II sent the Duke of Alba at the head of an army the following summer. When the Eighty Years' War broke out in 1568, commercial trading between Antwerp and the Spanish port of Bilbao collapsed and became impossible. On 4 November 1576, Spanish soldiers sacked the city during the so-called Spanish Fury: 7,000 citizens were massacred, 800 houses were burnt down, and over £2 million sterling of damage was done.

Subsequently, the city joined the Union of Utrecht in 1579 and became the capital of the Dutch revolt. In 1585, Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza, captured it after a long siege and as part of the terms of surrender its Protestant citizens were given two years to settle their affairs before quitting the city.^[18] Most went to the United Provinces in the north, starting the Dutch Golden Age. Antwerp's banking was controlled for a generation by Genoa, and Amsterdam became the new trading centre.

17th–19th centuries

The recognition of the independence of the United Provinces by the Treaty of Münster in 1648 stipulated that the Scheldt should be closed to navigation, which destroyed Antwerp's trading activities. This impediment remained in force until 1863, although the provisions were relaxed during French rule from 1795 to 1814, and also during the time Belgium formed part of the Kingdom of the United Netherlands (1815 to 1830). Antwerp had reached the lowest point in its fortunes in 1800, and its population had sunk to under 40,000, when Napoleon, realizing its strategic importance, assigned funds to enlarge the harbour by constructing a new dock (still named the Bonaparte Dock) and an access- lock and mole and deepening the Scheldt to allow for larger ships to approach Antwerp.^[16] Napoleon hoped that by making Antwerp's harbour the finest in Europe he would be able to counter the Port of London and hamper British growth. However, he was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo before he could see the plan through.^[19]

In 1830, the city was captured by the Belgian insurgents, but the citadel continued to be held by a Dutch garrison under General David Hendrik Chassé. For a time Chassé subjected the town to periodic bombardment which inflicted much damage, and at the end of 1832 the citadel itself was besieged by the French Northern Army commanded by Marechal Gerard. During this attack the town was further damaged. In December 1832, after a gallant defence, Chassé made an honourable surrender, ending the Siege of Antwerp (1832).

Later that century, a double ring of Brialmont Fortresses was constructed some 10 km (6 mi) from the city centre, as Antwerp was considered vital for the survival of the young Belgian state. And in the last decade Antwerp presented itself to the world via a World's Fair attended by 3 million.^[20]

20th century

Antwerp was the first city to host the World Gymnastics Championships, in 1903. During World War I, the city became the fallback point of the Belgian Army after the defeat at Liège. The Siege of Antwerp lasted for 11 days, but the city was taken after heavy fighting by the German Army, and the Belgians were forced to retreat westwards. Antwerp remained under German occupation until the Armistice.

Antwerp hosted the 1920 Summer Olympics. During World War II, the city was an important strategic target because of its port. It was occupied by Germany in May 1940 and liberated by the British 11th Armoured Division on 4 September 1944. After this, the Germans attempted to destroy the Port of Antwerp, which was used by the Allies to bring new material ashore. Thousands of Rheinbote, V-1 and V-2 missiles were fired (more V-2s than used on all other targets during the entire war combined), causing severe damage to the city but failed to destroy the port due to poor accuracy. After the war, Antwerp, which had already had a sizeable Jewish population before the war, once again became a major European centre of Haredi (and particularly Hasidic) Orthodox Judaism.

A Ten-Year Plan for the port of Antwerp (1956–1965) expanded and modernized the port's infrastructure with national funding to build a set of canal docks. The broader aim was to facilitate the growth of the north-eastern Antwerp metropolitan region, which attracted new industry based on a flexible and strategic implementation of the project as a co-production between various authorities and private parties. The plan succeeded in extending the linear layout along the Scheldt river by connecting new satellite communities to the main strip.^[21]

Starting in the 1990s, Antwerp rebranded itself as a world-class fashion centre. Emphasizing the avant-garde, it tried to compete with London, Milan, New York and Paris. It emerged from organized tourism and mega-cultural events.^[22]

Municipality

The municipality comprises the city of Antwerp proper and several towns. It is divided into nine entities (districts):

1. Antwerp
2. Berchem
3. Berendrecht-Zandvliet-Lillo
4. Borgerhout
5. Deurne
6. Ekeren
7. Hoboken
8. Merksem
9. Wilrijk

In 1958 in preparation of the 10-year development plan for the Port of Antwerp, the municipalities of Berendrecht-Zandvliet-Lillo were integrated into the city territory and lost their administrative independence. During the 1983 merger of municipalities, conducted by the Belgian government as an administrative simplification, the municipalities of Berchem, Borgerhout, Deurne, Ekeren, Hoboken, Merksem and Wilrijk were merged into the city. At that time the city was also divided into the districts mentioned above. Simultaneously, districts received an appointed district council; later district councils became elected bodies.^[23]

Buildings, landmarks and museums

In the 16th century, Antwerp was noted for the wealth of its citizens ("Antwerpia nummis"); the houses of these wealthy merchants and manufacturers have been preserved throughout the city. However, fire has destroyed several old buildings, such as the house of the Hanseatic League on the northern quays in 1891. The city also suffered considerable war damage by V-bombs, and in recent years other noteworthy buildings were demolished for new developments.

• Antwerp Zoo was founded in 1843, and is home to more than 6,000 animals (about 769 species). One of the oldest zoos in the world, it is renowned for its high level of research and conservation.
• Antwerp City Hall dates from 1565, and is a Belfry in Renaissance style
• Central Station is a railway station designed by Louis Delacenserie that was completed in 1905. It has two monumental neo-baroque façades, a large metal and glass dome (60m/197 ft) and a gilt and marble interior
• Cathedral of Our Lady. This church was begun in the 14th century and finished in 1518. The church has four works by Rubens, viz. "The Descent from the Cross", "The Elevation of the Cross", "The Resurrection of Christ" and "The Assumption"
• St. James' Church, is more ornate than the cathedral. It contains the tomb of Rubens
• The Church of St. Paul has a beautiful baroque interior. It is a few hundred yards north of the Grote Markt
• Museum Vleeshuis (Butchers' Hall) is a fine Gothic brick-built building sited a short distance to the North-West of the Grote Markt. Originally used as a home for the Butchers Guild these days it holds a musical instrument collection (including some original Ruckers harpsichords) and is home to occasional concerts.
• Plantin-Moretus Museum preserves the house of the printer Christoffel Plantijn and his successor Jan Moretus
• The Saint-Boniface Church is an Anglican church and headseat of the archdeanery North-West Europe.
• Boerentoren (Farmers' Tower) or KBC Tower, a 26-storey building built in 1932, is the oldest skyscraper in Europe^[24] It is the tallest building in Antwerp and the second tallest structure after the Catherdral of our Lady. It is now the 22nd tallest structure in Belgium. The building was designed by Emiel van Averbeke, R. Van Hoenacker and Jos Smolderen.^[25]
• Royal Museum of Fine Arts, close to the southern quays, has a collection of old masters (Rubens, Van Dyck, Titian) and the leading Dutch masters.
• Rubenshuis is the former home and studio of Peter Paul Rubens (1577–1640) in Antwerp. It is now a museum.
• Exchange or Bourse. The current building was built in 1872.
• Law Courts, designed by the Richard Rogers Partnership, Arup and VK Studio, and opened by King Albert in April 2006. This building is the antithesis of the heavy, dark court building designed by Joseph Poelaert that dominates the skyline of Brussels. The courtrooms sit on top of six fingers that radiate from an airy central hall, and are surmounted by spires which provide north light and resemble oast houses or the sails of barges on the nearby River Scheldt. It is built on the site of the old Zuid ("South") station, at the end of a magnificent 1.5 kilometres (1 mile) perspective at the southern end of Amerikalei. The road neatly disappears into an underpass under oval Bolivarplaats to join the motorway ring. This leaves peaceful surface access by foot, bicycle or tram (route 12). The building's highest 'sail' is 51 m (167 ft) high, has a floor area of 77,000 m² (830,000 sq ft), and cost €130 million.
• Zurenborg, a late 19th century belle époque neighbourhood on the border of Antwerp and Berchem with many art nouveau architectural elements. The area counts as one of the most original belle époque urban expansion areas in Europe. Though the houses in the neighbourhood are listed as national heritage, they suffer severely from vibration and pollution caused by heavy city bus traffic through its streets, especially through the famous Cogels Osylei.
• Museum aan de Stroom The MAS is 60 metres (200 feet) high, and was designed by Neutelings Riedijk Architects. The façade is made of Indian red sandstone and curved glass panel construction. The MAS house 470,000 objects, most of which are kept in storage.
• Den Botaniek The botanic Garen located in the city centre at the Leopoldstraat created in 1825 with and covers almost 1 hectare. Before becoming a hortus botanicus it was a planteerden voor the École Centrale and after that the herbal garden and later the vegetable garden for the Sint-Elisabethgasthuis. The garden is a protected landmark since 1950 and has a collection of 2.000 plants. It is open daily, the greenhouse is closed on Sundays. Admission is free.

Fortifications

Although Antwerp was formerly a fortified city, hardly anything remains of the former enceinte, only some remains of the city wall can be seen near the Vleeshuis museum at the corner of Bloedberg and Burchtgracht. A replica of a (castle) named Steen has been partly rebuilt near the Scheldt-quais in the 19th century. Antwerp's development as a fortified city is documented between the 10th and the 20th century. The fortifications were developed in different phases:

• 10th century : fortification of the wharf with a wall and a ditch
• 12th and 13th century : canals (so called "vlieten" and "ruien") were made
• 16th century : Spanish fortifications
• 19th century : double ring of Brialmont forts around the city, dismantling of the Spanish fortifications
• 20th century : 1960 dismantling of the inner ring of forts, decommissioning of the outer ring of forts

Demographics

Historical population

This is the population of the city of Antwerp only, not of the larger current municipality of the same name.

1374: 18,000[26] 1486: 40,000[27] 1500: around 44/49,000 inhabitants[28] 1526: 50,000[29] 1567: 105,000 (90,000 permanent residents and 15,000 "floating population", including foreign merchants and soldiers. At the time only 10 cities in Europe reached this size.)[29][30][31][32] 1584: 84,000 (after the Spanish Fury, the French Fury[33] and the Calvinist republic) 1586 (May): 60,000 (after siege) 1586 (October): 50,000 1591: 46,000 1612: 54,000[34] 1620: 66,000 (Twelve Years' Truce)

1640: 54,000 (after the Black Death epidemics) 1700: 66,000[35] 1765: 40,000 1784: 51,000 1800: 45,500 1815: 54,000[36] 1830: 73,500 1856: 111,700 1880: 179,000 1900: 275,100 1925: 308,000 1959: 260,000[37]

Minorities

Largest groups of foreign residents
Nationality	Population (2011)
Morocco	38,884
Turkey	12,805
Bulgaria	1,938
Romania	1,574

In 2010, 36 to 39% of the inhabitants of Antwerp had a migrant background. A study projects that in 2020, 55% of the population will be of migrant background.^[38][39]

Jewish community

After the Holocaust and the destruction of its many semi-assimilated Jews, Antwerp became a major centre for Orthodox Jews. At present, about 15,000 Haredi Jews, many of them Hasidic, live in Antwerp. The city has three official Jewish Congregations: Shomrei Hadass, headed by Rabbi Dovid Moishe Lieberman, Machsike Hadass, headed by Rabbi Sekkel Pollack of Brussels (formerly by Chief Rabbi Chaim Kreiswirth) and the Portuguese Community Ben Moshe. Antwerp has an extensive network of synagogues, shops, schools and organizations. Significant Hasidic movements in Antwerp include Pshevorsk, based in Antwerp, as well as branches of Satmar, Belz, Bobov, Ger, Skver, Klausenburg and several others. Rabbi Chaim Kreiswirth, chief rabbi of the Machsike Hadas community, who died in 2003, was arguably one of the better known personalities to have been based in Antwerp. An attempt to have a street named after him has received the support of the Town Hall and is in the process of being implemented.

Jain community

The Jains in Belgium are estimated to be around about 1,500 people. The majority live in Antwerp, mostly involved in the very lucrative diamond business.^[40] Belgian Indian Jains control two-thirds of the rough diamonds trade and supplied India with roughly 36% of their rough diamonds.They are building a major temple in Wilrijk (near Antwerp), with a cultural centre.Their spiritual leader, Ramesh Mehta, is a full-fledged member of the Belgian Council of Religious Leaders put up on 17 December 2009.

Armenian community

There are significant Armenian communities that reside in Antwerp, many of them are descendants of traders who settled during the 19th century. Most Armenian Belgians are adherents of the Armenian Apostolic Church, with a smaller numbers are adherents of the Armenian Catholic Church and Armenian Evangelical Church.

One of the important sectors that Armenian communities in Antwerp excel and involved in is the diamonds trade business,^{[41][42][43][44][45]} that based primarily in the diamond district.^[46][47][48] Some of the famous Armenian families involved in the diamond business in the city are the Artinians, Arslanians, Aslanians, Barsamians and the Osganians.^[49][50]

Economy

According to the American Association of Port Authorities (AAPA), the port of Antwerp was the seventeenth largest (by tonnage) port in the world in 2005 and second only to Rotterdam in Europe. Importantly it handles high volumes of economically attractive general and project cargo, as well as bulk cargo. Antwerp's docklands, with five oil refineries, are home to a massive concentration of petrochemical industries, second only to the petrochemical cluster in Houston, Texas. Electricity generation is also an important activity, with four nuclear power plants at Doel, a conventional power station in Kallo, as well as several smaller combined cycle plants. There is a wind farm in the northern part of the port area. There are plans to extend this in the period 2014–2020.^[51] The old Belgian bluestone quays bordering the Scheldt for a distance of 5.6 km (3.5 mi) to the north and south of the city centre have been retained for their sentimental value and are used mainly by cruise ships and short sea shipping.

Antwerp's other great mainstay is the diamond trade that takes place largely within the diamond district.^[52] The city has four diamond bourses: the Diamond Club of Antwerp, the Beurs voor Diamanthandel, the Antwerpsche Diamantkring and the Vrije Diamanthandel.^[53] Since World War II families of the large Hasidic Jewish community have dominated Antwerp's diamond trading industry, although the last two decades have seen Indian^[54] and Maronite Christian from Lebanon and Armenian,^[46] traders become increasingly important.^[54] Antwerp World Diamond Centre, the successor to the Hoge Raad voor Diamant, plays an important role in setting standards, regulating professional ethics, training and promoting the interests of Antwerp as a centre of the diamond industry.

Transportation

Road

A six-lane motorway bypass encircles much of the city centre and runs through the urban residential area of Antwerp. Known locally as the "Ring" it offers motorway connections to Brussels, Hasselt and Liège, Ghent, Lille and Bruges and Breda and Bergen op Zoom (Netherlands). The banks of the Scheldt are linked by three road tunnels (in order of construction): the Waasland Tunnel (1934), the Kennedy Tunnel (1967) and the Liefkenshoek Tunnel (1991).

Daily congestion on the Ring led to a fourth high-volume highway link called the "Oosterweelconnection" being proposed. It would have entailed the construction of a long viaduct and bridge (the Lange Wapper) over the docks on the north side of the city in combination with the widening of the existing motorway into a 14-lane motorway; these plans were eventually rejected in a 2009 public referendum.

In September 2010 the Flemish Government decided to replace the bridge by a series of tunnels. There are ideas to cover the Ring in a similar way as happened around Paris, Hamburg, Madrid and other cities. This would reconnect the city with its suburbs and would provide development opportunities to accommodate part of the foreseen population growth in Antwerp which currently are not possible because of the pollution and noise generated by the traffic on the Ring. An old plan to build an R2 outer ring road outside the built up urban area around the Antwerp agglomeration for port related traffic and transit traffic never materialized.

Rail

Antwerp is the focus of lines to the north to Essen and the Netherlands, east to Turnhout, south to Mechelen, Brussels and Charleroi, and southwest to Ghent and Ostend. It is served by international trains to Amsterdam and Paris, and national trains to Ghent, Bruges, Ostend, Brussels, Charleroi, Hasselt, Liège, Leuven and Turnhout.

Antwerp Central station is an architectural monument in itself, and is mentioned in W G Sebald's haunting novel Austerlitz. Prior to the completion in 2007 of a tunnel that runs northwards under the city centre to emerge at the old Antwerp Dam station, Central was a terminus. Trains from Brussels to the Netherlands had to either reverse at Central or call only at Berchem station, 2 kilometres (1 mile) to the south, and then describe a semicircle to the east, round the Singel. Now, they call at the new lower level of the station before continuing in the same direction.

Antwerp is also home to Antwerpen-Noord, the largest classification yard for freight in Belgium and second largest in Europe. The majority of freight trains in Belgium depart from or arrive here. It has two classification humps and over a hundred tracks.

Public transportation

The city has a web of tram and bus lines operated by De Lijn and providing access to the city centre, suburbs and the Left Bank. The tram network has 12 lines, of which the underground section is called the "premetro" and includes a tunnel under the river.

Air

A small airport, Antwerp International Airport, is located in the district of Deurne, with passenger service to various European destinations. A bus service connects the airport to the city centre.

The now defunct VLM Airlines had its head office on the grounds of Antwerp International Airport. This office is also CityJet's Antwerp office.^[55][56] When VG Airlines (Delsey Airlines) existed, its head office was located in the district of Merksem.^[57]

Belgium's major international airport, Brussels Airport is about 45 kilometres (28 miles) from the city of Antwerp, and connects the city worldwide. It too is connected to the city centre by bus, and also by train. The new Diabolo rail connection provides a direct fast train connection between Antwerp and Brussels Airport as of the summer of 2012.

There is also a direct rail service between Antwerp (calling at Central and Berchem stations) and Charleroi South station, with a connecting buslink to Brussels South Charleroi Airport, which runs twice every hour (on working days).

Politics

City council

The current city council was elected in the October 2012 elections. The next elections are scheduled for October 2018.

The current majority consists of N-VA, CD&V and Open Vld, led by mayor Bart De Wever (N-VA).

Party		Seats
	New Flemish Alliance (N-VA)	23
	Socialist Party Differently (sp.a)	12
	Christian Democratic and Flemish (CD&V)	5
	Flemish Interest	5
	Workers' Party of Belgium (PVDA)	4
	Green	4
	Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats (Open Vld)	2
Total		55

Former mayors

In the early years after Belgian independence, Antwerp was governed by Catholic-Unionist mayors. Between 1848 and 1921, all mayors were from the Liberal Party (except for the so-called Meeting-intermezzo between 1863 and 1872). Between 1921 and 1932, the city had a Catholic mayor again: Frans Van Cauwelaert. From 1932 onwards (and up till 2013) all mayors belonged to the Social Democrat party: Camille Huysmans, Lode Craeybeckx, Frans Detiège and Mathilde Schroyens, and after the municipality fusion: Bob Cools, Leona Detiège en Patrick Janssens. Since 2013 the mayor is the Flemish nationalist Bart De Wever, belonging to the Flemish separatist party N-VA (New Flemish Alliance).

Culture

Antwerp had an artistic reputation in the 17th century, based on its school of painting, which included Rubens, Van Dyck, Jordaens, the two Teniers and many others.

Informally, most Antverpians (in Dutch Antwerpenaren, people from Antwerp) daily speak Antverpian (in Dutch Antwerps), a dialect that Dutch-speakers know as distinctive from other Brabantic dialects through its typical vowel pronunciations: approximating the vowel sound in 'bore' – for one of its long 'a'-sounds while other short 'a's are very sharp like the vowel sound in 'hat'. The Echt Antwaarps Teater ("Authentic Antverpian Theatre") brings the dialect on stage.

Fashion

Antwerp is a rising fashion city, and has produced designers such as the Antwerp Six. The city has a cult status in the fashion world, due to the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, one of the most important fashion academies in the world. It has served as the learning centre for many Belgian fashion designers. Since the 1980s, several graduates of the Belgian Royal Academy of Fine Arts have become internationally successful fashion designers in Antwerp. The city has had a huge influence on other Belgian fashion designers such as Raf Simons, Veronique Branquinho, Olivier Theyskens and Kris Van Assche.^[58]

Local products

Antwerp is famous for its local products. In August every year the Bollekesfeest takes place. The Bollekesfeest is a showcase for such local products as Bolleke, an amber beer from the De Koninck Brewery. The Mokatine sweets made by Confiserie Roodthooft, Elixir D'Anvers, a locally made liquor, locally roasted coffee from Koffie Verheyen, sugar from Candico, Poolster pickled herring and Equinox horse meat, are other examples of local specialities. One of the most known products of the city are its biscuits, the Antwerpse Handjes, literally "Antwerp Hands". Usually made from a short pastry with almonds or milk chocolate, they symbolize the Antwerp trademark and folklore. The local products are represented by a non-profit organization, Streekproducten Provincie Antwerpen vzw.

Missions to seafarers

A number of Christian missions to seafarers are based in Antwerp, notably on the Italiëlei. These include the Mission to Seafarers, British & International Sailors' Society, the Finnish Seamen's Mission, the Norwegian Sjømannskirken and the Apostleship of the Sea. They provide cafeterias, cultural and social activities as well as religious services.

Music

Antwerp is the home of the Antwerp Jazz Club (AJC), founded in 1938 and located on the square Grote Markt since 1994.^[59]

Sport

Antwerp held the 1920 Summer Olympics, which were the first games after the First World War and also the only ones to be held in Belgium. The road cycling events took place in the streets of the city.^[60][61]

Royal Antwerp F.C., currently playing in the Belgian Second Division, were founded in 1880 and is known as 'The Great Old' for being the first club registered to the Royal Belgian Football Association in 1895.^[62] Since 1998, the club has taken Manchester United players on loan in an official partnership.^[63] Another club in the city was Beerschot AC, founded in 1899 by former Royal Antwerp players. They played at the Olympisch Stadion, the main venue of the 1920 Olympics. In 2013 the club's name changed to KFCO Beerschot-Wilrijk.^[64]

The Antwerp Giants play in Basketball League Belgium and Topvolley Antwerpen play in the Belgium men's volleyball League.

For the year 2013, Antwerp was awarded the title of European Capital of Sport.

Antwerp hosted the 2013 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships.

Antwerp hosted the start of stage 3 of the 2015 Tour de France on 6 July 2015.^[65]

Higher education

Antwerp has a university and several colleges. The University of Antwerp (Universiteit Antwerpen) was established in 2003, following the merger of the RUCA, UFSIA and UIA institutes. Their roots go back to 1852. The University has approximately 13,000 registered students, making it the third-largest university in Flanders, as well as 1,800 foreign students. It has 7 faculties, and is located of four campus locations in the city centre and in the south of the city. Education is organized on bachelor, masters, and post-graduate level.

The city has several colleges, including Charlemagne University College (Karel de Grote Hogeschool), Plantin University College (Plantijn Hogeschool), and Artesis University College (Artesis Hogeschool). Artesis University College has about 8,600 students and 1,600 staff, and Charlemagne University College has about 10,000 students and 1,300 staff. Plantin University College has approximately 3,700 students.

International relations

Twin towns and sister cities

The following places are twinned with or sister cities to Antwerp:

Partnerships

Within the context of development cooperation, Antwerp is also linked to Paramaribo, Suriname Durban, South Africa

Notable people

Born in Antwerp

Lived in Antwerp

• Abraham Mayer, German-born physician (1848)
• Quentin Matsys, Renaissance painter, founder of the Antwerp school (1466–1530)
• Jan Mabuse, painter (c. 1478 – 1532)
• Joachim Patinir, landscape and religious painter (c. 1480 – 1524)
• John Rogers, Christian minister, Bible translator and commentator, and martyr (c. 1500 – 1555)
• Joos van Cleve, painter (c. 1500 – 1540/41)
• Damião de Góis, Portuguese humanist philosopher (1502–1574)
• Sir Thomas Gresham, English merchant and financier (c. 1519 – 1579)
• Sir Anthony More, portrait painter (1520 – c. 1577)
• Christoffel Plantijn, humanist, book printer and publisher (c. 1520 – 1589)
• Pieter Brueghel the Elder, painter and printmaker (1525–1569)
• Philip van Marnix, writer and statesman (1538–1598)
• Simon Stevin, mathematician and engineer (c. 1548/49 – 1620)
• Federigo Giambelli, Italian military and civil engineer (c. 1550 – c. 1610)
• John Bull, English/Welsh composer, musician, and organ builder (c. 1562 – 1628)
• Jan Brueghel the Elder, also known as "Velvet" Brueghel, painter (1568–1625)
• Pieter Paul Rubens, painter (1577–1640)
• William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle, English soldier, politician, and writer (c. 1592 – 1676)
• Adriaen Brouwer, painter (1605–1638)
• Jan Davidszoon de Heem, painter (1606–1684)
• Wenceslas Hollar, Bohemian etcher (1607–1677)
• Jan Lievens, painter (1607–1674)
• Ferdinand van Apshoven the Younger, painter (c. 1630–1694)
• Frédéric Théodore Faber, painter (1782–1799)
• Jan Frans Willems, writer (1793–1846)
• Henri Alexis Brialmont, military engineer (1821–1903)
• Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema, painter (1836–1912)
• Vincent van Gogh, impressionist painter, lived in Antwerp for about four months (1853–1890)
• Camille Huysmans, Socialist politician, former mayor of Antwerp and former Prime Minister of Belgium (1871–1968)
• Moshe Yitzchok Gewirtzman, leader of the Hasidic Pshevorsk movement based in Antwerp (1881–1976)
• Romi Goldmuntz, businessman (1882–1960)
• Gerard Walschap, writer (1898–1989)
• Albert Lilar, Minister of Justice (1900–1976)
• Suzanne Lilar, essayist, novelist, and playwright (1901–1992)
• Heaven Tanudiredja, Designer, Artist
• Eric de Kuyper, award-winning novelist, filmmaker, semiotician
• Philip Sessarego, former British Army soldier, conman, hoaxer, mercenary lived in Antwerp and found dead in a garage (1952–2008)
• Jean Genet, French writer and political activist (1909–1986): lived in Antwerp for short period in the 1930s
• George du Maurier, Came to Antwerp to study art and lost the sight in one eye. Cartoonist, author and grandfather of Daphne du Maurier (1834–1896)
• Chaim Kreiswirth, Talmudist and Rabbi of the Machsike Hadas Community, Antwerp (1918–2001)
• William Tyndale, Bible translator, arrested in Antwerp 1535 and burnt at Vilvoorde in 1536 (c. 1494–1536)
• Akiba Rubinstein, Polish grandmaster of chess (1882–1961).
• Veerle Casteleyn, Belgian performer
• Ray Cokes, English TV host
• Robert Barrett Browning, or "Pen", only child of Robert and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Studied painting in Antwerp.
• Ford Madox Brown, leading Preraphaelite painter. Studied art at Antwerp.
• August De Boodt, Politician (1895 - 1986)
• Paul Byttebier, Medical Doctor and Politician (1923 - 2016)

Select neighbourhoods

• Den Dam – an area in northern Antwerp
• The diamond district – an area consisting of several square blocks, it is Antwerp's centre for the cutting, polishing, and trading of diamonds
• Linkeroever – Antwerp on the left bank of the Scheldt with a lot of apartment buildings
• Meir – Antwerp's largest shopping street
• Van Wesenbekestraat – the city's Chinatown
• Het Zuid – the south of Antwerp, notable for its museums and Expo grounds
• Zurenborg – an area between Central and Berchem station with a concentration of Art Nouveau townhouses

See also

• Antwerp Book Fair
• Antwerp lace
• Antwerp Water Works (AWW)
• AMVC Archief en Museum voor het Vlaams Cultuurleven
• Jewish Community of Antwerp
• List of mayors of Antwerp
• Pshevorsk – Hassidic Jewish movement based in Antwerp
• University of Antwerp

References

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Antwerp (city)". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

Further reading

• Lindemann, Mary. The Merchant Republics: Amsterdam, Antwerp, and Hamburg, 1648-1790 (Cambridge University Press, 2014) 356 pp.
• Van der Wee, Herman. The Growth of the Antwerp Market and the European Economy (14th–16th Centuries) (The Hague, 1963)
• Richard Stillwell, ed. Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976: "Antwerp Belgium"

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Antwerp.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Antwerp.

• Official website
• Capsule History
• Tourism Antwerp
• Antwerp Tourist Guide
• Antwerp Travel Guide – A comprehensive English language guide to Antwerp; includes history, sightseeing, brewing and beer culture.

	Reimerswaal (NL-ZE)	Woensdrecht (NL-NB), Stabroek	Kapellen
	Beveren (VOV) Zwijndrecht		Brasschaat Schoten Wijnegem Wommelgem Borsbeek
		Antwerp
	Kruibeke (VOV)	Hemiksem, Aartselaar, Edegem	Mortsel