Fur farming

Mink farm (after 1900)
A mink farm in the United States

Fur farming is the practice of breeding or raising certain types of animals for their fur.

Fur used from animals caught in the wild is not considered farmed fur, and is instead known as 'wild fur'. Most of the world’s farmed fur is produced by European farmers. There are 6,000 fur farms in the EU.[1][2][3] The EU accounts for 63% of global mink production and 70% of fox production. Denmark is the leading mink-producing country, accounting for approximately 28% of world production. Other major producers include China, the Netherlands, the Baltic states, and the U.S.[4] Finland is the largest United States supplier of fox pelts. The United States is a major exporter of furskins. Major export markets include China, Russia, Canada, and the EU. Exports to Asia as a share of total exports grew from 22% in 1998 to 47% in 2002.[5] China is the largest importer of fur pelts in the world and the largest exporter of finished fur products.[6]

Fur farming is banned in Austria,[7][8] Croatia (started on 1 January 2007, with a 10-year phase out period),[8][9] and the United Kingdom.[10][11] In Switzerland, the regulations for fur farming are very strict, with the result that there are no fur farms.[8] Some other countries have a ban on fur farming of certain types of animals.

Demand fell in the late 1980s and 1990s because of a number of factors, including the failure of designers to come up with exciting new lines, and also the efforts of animal rights campaigners. Since the turn of the millennium, however, sales worldwide have soared to record highs, fueled by radically new techniques for working with fur, and a sharp rise in disposable income in China and Russia. This growing demand has led to the development of extensive fur farming operations in China and Poland.

History

Cat skins

While wearing fur clothing in cold weather as protection goes back to the stone age, the source for this material came from the wild. As human populations grew, furs, leathers, and hides for use in clothing came from farm stock, such as sheep (sheepskin), rabbits, cattle, pigs, and goats. The earliest records of breeding mink for fur in North America were in the 1860s. Foxes were first raised on farms for fur in Prince Edward Island in Canada in 1895.[3]

Historically, the fur trade played an important economic role in the United States. Fur trappers explored and opened up large parts of North America, and the fashion for beaver hats led to intense competition for the raw materials. Starting in the latter half of the 20th century, producers and wearers of fur have been criticized by animal rights activists because of the perceived cruelty they believe is involved in animal trapping and because of the availability of substitutes such as synthetic fibers (made from petroleum oil).

Today, 80 percent of the fur clothing industry's pelts come from animals raised on farms. The rest is from animals caught in the wild. The most farmed fur-bearing animal is the mink (50 million annually), followed by the fox (about 4 million annually). Asiatic and Finnish raccoon and chinchilla are also farmed for their fur. 64 percent of fur farms are in Northern Europe, 11 percent are in North America, and the rest are dispersed throughout the world, in countries such as Argentina and Russia.[12]

Species

Mink

Mink colours

Mink have been farmed for fur in the United States for 130 years. In 2010, the U.S. ranked fifth in production behind Denmark, China, the Netherlands, and Poland. Mink typically breed in March, and give birth to their litters in May. Farmers vaccinate the young kits for botulism, distemper, enteritis, and, if needed, pneumonia. They are killed in November and December. Methods for euthanizing animals on fur farms, as on all farms, are detailed in the American Veterinary Medical Association's Report on Euthanasia which is used as a guideline for state departments of agriculture which have jurisdiction over all farms raising domesticated livestock, including mink.[13]

Mink are bred once a year; the average litter is three or four kits. The best animals are kept for breeding stock for the next year, and the remainder are harvested.

The white mink, a northern European breed, was introduced into Canada in 1968. Most mink production in Canada occurs in Nova Scotia which, with 120 farms in 2012, generated revenues of nearly $150 million (includes foxes) and accounted for one quarter of all agricultural production in the Province.[14] Production of black mink in particular has grown significantly since 2000, with emerging markets in Russia, China, and South Korea accounting for most of the new demand. Black mink was first bred in Nova Scotia in the late 1950s and has proven popular as a versatile colour. Most Nova Scotia product is sold in China where it is manufactured into luxury garments. About 1.4 million pelts were produced in Nova Scotia in 2012.[15]

Chinchilla

Chinchilla
A 2-year-old standard gray female chinchilla

The international trade in chinchilla fur goes back to the 16th century and the animal (whose name literally means "Little Chincha") is named after the Chincha people of the Andes, who wore its soft, dense fur. By the end of the 19th century, chinchillas had become quite rare. In 1923, Mathias F. Chapman brought the eleven wild chinchillas he had captured to the U.S. for breeding.[16] Only three of these were female. Empress Chinchilla is the breeders association for the chinchilla farmers, many of whom are based in the United States, including California. Empress Chinchilla runs a certification program for farmers.

Fox

"Cross fox" furs. The cross across the shoulders is a common Red fox marking.
Caged red fox (silver morph).

Finland is the world's leading producer of fox pelts. In the United States, fox production is about 10,000 pelts, produced in about 10 states. Wisconsin and Utah have the most mink farms in the USA. Canada produces ten to fifteen times as many fox furs as the USA.[17]

Dog and cat

The United States banned the import, export, and sale of products made from dog and cat fur in 2000.[18] Italy, France, Denmark, Greece, Belgium, and Australia ban the import of domestic cat and dog fur but the sale is still quasi-legal,.[19] In most countries, novelty items made from farmed cat and dog fur is available in the form of animal toys or as trim on garments like boots, jackets and handbags. The European Union ban on imports took effect as of 1 January 2009.[20]

Rabbit

A load of rabbit skins (c. 1905)

The main breed in the rabbit fur farming industry is the Rex (Castor Rex and Chinchilla Rex). Breeding animals are kept for up to 3 years, and usually give birth twice a year. The kits are taken from their mothers at 4 weeks old and put in a nursery with other kits. After this the mothers are kept separated from their kits, and they get put together only for feeding. When the kits are 7 to 8 weeks old, they are put in solitary cages, where they are kept for about 6–7 months, and are harvested after they have shed their winter fur. The rabbits are kept in bare wire mesh cages. A cage for one rabbit has the floor space of about two shoe boxes. The mortality rate for caged Rex is 10 – 15%, mostly from respiratory disease.[21] Another breed of rabbit, is the Orylag, which is farmed only in France. The Orylag is bred for fur and meat. They are slaughtered at about 20 weeks. It was bred by the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA). The mortality rate for caged Orylag is 25 – 30%, mostly from respiratory disease.[21] Broken bones and traumatic lesions are common when rabbits are transported to the slaughter. A small percentage are also dead on arrival, often due to the rabbits being tightly packed in, with poor ventilation.[21]

By-products

Fur farms dispose of their dead animals as economically as possible. The meat from most fur-bearers is not usually eaten by humans, therefore the carcasses will go on to become various products such as pet food, animal feed, organic compost, fertilizer, paint, and even tires. Carcasses sometimes go to animal sanctuaries, zoos, and aquariums to feed animals, and some end up as crab bait. Mink feces are used as organic crop fertiliser, and mink fat is turned into oil to manufacture soap, face oils, cosmetics, and leather preservatives.[22]

Controversy

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Animal abuse in fur farming.

Anti-fur activists have claimed that methods used on fur farms are focused on maximizing profits at the expense of the welfare of fur producing animals.[23][24][25]

As with other types of animal farming, living conditions of animals vary, and the extreme cases are ones of much contention. According to PETA, the majority of fur farmers pack animals into small cages, preventing them from taking more than a few steps back and forth.[23] PETA claims foxes and other animals suffer equally, and may even cannibalize each other as a reaction to their crowded confinement.[23] In other cases, as with passing of animal welfare legislation in Italy, animals are required to be given enriched living environments in which they can climb on branches, dig holes, use a nest of 50 × 50 cm and also have a water basin of at least 2 × 2 metres and 50 cm deep in which to swim.[26] Farmers argue that 50 years ago, the animals were kept in large outdoor holding areas, with pools of water. However, such farms resulted in high disease rates for the animals and were not practical. Farmers claim that today's farmed animals only know farm life as they have been domesticated through over hundred years of selective breeding. The methods used for euthanizing the animals on farms and in the wild vary depending on the animal. For farmed mink, the American Veterinary Medical Association researches the best methods and publishes a report on the subject every 7 to 10 years. This report is used to guide state departments of agriculture which have jurisdiction over farm animals, including farm-raised mink. For those harvesting wild furs, biologists and wildlife managers dictate seasons, methods of harvesting, and numbers of animals to be harvested.

United Kingdom

After UK mink farmers were subjected to almost daily protests, they agreed to shut down their farming in exchange for compensation in England and Wales in 2000. At second reading, the ban in England and Wales was justified principally on grounds of public morality.[26] Prior to the ban, there had been 11 fur farms in the UK producing about 100,000 pelts annually.[27] Although the last fur farm in Scotland had closed in 1993, the Scottish Parliament nevertheless banned fur farming in 2002.

Austria

In Austria, six of the nine federal states have banned fur farming, and the remaining three enforce such strict welfare regulations, in relation to the availability of swimming water, that fur farming is no longer economically viable.[26]

Republic of Ireland

In the Republic of Ireland there are currently five fur farms in operation. These farms focus mainly on the trade of mink fur (some farms which have used fox fur are currently winding down operation as such trade is no longer economically viable). In 2006, approximately 170,000 mink and 300 foxes were harvested in the Republic of Ireland.[28] Furs are exported from the Republic of Ireland to other EU member states or to countries in Asia and North America. In the Republic of Ireland, fur farms are monitored by the Department of Agriculture, and welfare standards of Ireland and the European Union must be adhered to at all times. In October 2009, there were discussions within the political sphere on the banning of fur farms in the Republic of Ireland.[29] Animal welfare groups have welcomed such proposals,[30] though concern has been highlighted, in terms of its impact on rural communities where alternative industries are scarce. Fur farming in the Republic of Ireland contributes about €3.1 million per year to the economy.

Netherlands

Fur farming of chinchillas and foxes is banned. Legislation to phase out mink fur farming (and thereby effectively all fur farming) by 2024 was approved by the end of 2012.[31]

China

The State Forestry Administration (SFA) is set to offer training courses for fur farmers.[32] Legislation was drafted in September 2009 to address any cruelty to animals in China. If passed, the legislation would regulate how farm animals are raised, transported, and slaughtered.[33] In 2005, animals right group The Swiss Animal Protection accused the Chinese of skinning fur-bearing animals including the "Asiatic raccoon" (raccoon dog) while still alive, and produced a controversial video on the subject.[34][35] The China Fur Commission and China Leather Industry Association challenged the authenticity of the video, stating: "Pictures showing animals being skinned alive are obviously plotted. All those with common sense would not choose this slaughter method to attain fur."[36] The government of Suning County, Hebei Province also issued a statement, outlining welfare practices it claimed to practice on its fur farms and calling the alleged practice of skinning animals alive "unimaginable." [37] Swiss Animal Protection later published a video showing the live skinning of raccoon dogs and other canines. The video shows raccoon dogs being beaten with sticks and thrown against the ground in an attempt to stun them before being hung from their rear legs and skinned alive. In another film a worker begins to cut the skin and fur from an animal's leg. The animal is still alive breathing and kicking. The free limbs kick and writhe making it difficult for the worker to cut the skin from the animal's body. The worker stamps on the animal's neck and head. One investigator filmed a raccoon dog being skinned alive before being thrown onto a heap of carcasses. After the skinning the animal still had enough strength to lift it's bloodied head and stare into the camera.[38] Several local Chinese animal welfare groups have reported these cruel practices as commonplace.[39]

Finland

Finnish citizens have human right for the parliamentarian law initiatives since 2012. The first citizens' initiative to gain enough signatures was the ban of fur farming. Some 70,000 citizens signed it within the required time period in 2013.[40] 400–500 people appealed to MPs to approve the citizens' initiative to ban fur farming in a march to Parliament House, Helsinki on 18 June.[41] According to animal expert MSc Sesse Koivisto (wife of Ilkka Koivisto exdirector of the zoo Korkeasaari) in HS in 2010 fur farming does not provide acceptable conditions for the animals. In order to stop the suffering of animals, she demanded in Helsingin Sanomat to progress to banning the farming like the other countries have done.[42] The Finnish Parliament rejected the first citizens' initiative to ban fur farming on 19 June 2013. Positive development in the politics of Finland was that the initiative was taken in the Parliament for public voting.[43][44]

In Finland there are in August 2016 about 950 active fur farms. The breeding of fur-animals have long traditions in Finland, being professionally conducted since the 1920:s. The farmers community is to 90% situated in the rural areas of Ostrobothina and employes 4-6000 persons. Today the Fur farming is strictly regulated by law and animal household regulations. The Finnish Furbreeders Association has developed its own national program of Certification and animal health wellfare that is tied to the ISO 9001 standard and monitored by the Norske Veritas. The fur animals are housed in shelter buildings or halls, where each animal has a specific place marked with a kit card. Shelter buildings are suitable for all fur animals, but halls are only used in mink farming.

Estonia

Estonian citizens have a partial right to submit initiatives with at least 1000 signatures to the parliament since 2014 - they do not directly go to the parliamentary hall but go through a process of review in a subject commission.[45][46] On November 21, 2014, the Estonian animal advocacy organization Loomus submitted a petition to ban fur farming in the country with a 10 year transition period with 10 000 signatures to the parliament.[47][48][49][50] This was preceded by secretly filmed anonymous documentary footage being aired both online via Youtube and on Estonian National Television[51] depicting the conditions of the animals in 2012 (aired 2013) and 2014.[52][53][54] The Estonian animal advocacy organization Loomus issued a comment after the airings of Estonian Public Broadcasting outlining the documented disregard animal welfare regulations and pointing out the numerous injuries of animals that were documented.[54][55]

The petition has since been under review in the commission of agricultural affairs.[56] The commission procured a study on the economic significance of the industry from the Estonian University of Life Sciences published in 2016, which did not state the exact number of farms in existence but did outline that the mink and fox farms employed 74 full-time workers in 2014, with the majority concentrated in the largest factory in the Baltic States, in Karjaküla, near Tallinn.[55][57] It also reported the chinchilla farms employed 20.5 full-time workers in 2014.[57] The activists have voiced their concern about the bias inherent in the study, which according to them by and large ignored ethical and environmental arguments, as a number of the experts in the study panel were found to have direct links to and vested interests in the fur industry.[58] The commission is expected to formulate their opinion and vote whether the petition would move on to a law drafting phase and public discussion in the full quorum of the parliament in the fall of 2016.[56][59]

On August 22, 2016, activists launched an additional international petition inviting the Estonian Parliament to ban fur farming in the country at change.org.[60]

Canada

Quebec

In 2014, for the first time in Canadian history, a Quebec fur farmer by the name of Jean-Luc Rodier was charged with animal cruelty following an investigation by the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (S.P.C.A.). Fox and mink at the fur farm were seized by animal welfare organizations and some were in such poor condition that they had to be euthanized.[61] Following the S.P.C.A. investigation, this Quebec Fur Farm was raided by anonymous activists who set free thousands of animals.[62]

British Columbia

Video footage taken at Fur Farms in 2014 in British Columbia by the A.P.F.A.[63] was described by the S.P.C.A. as "inherently inhumane".[64] Animal rights activists in the city of Vancouver have been using legal and illegal actions to protest selling fur such as vandalism, home demonstrations of fur shop owners, and organizing public protests.[65]

Ontario

Canadian fur farms in the Province of Ontario have been repeatedly targeted by an underground group called Animal Liberation Front (ALF). Thousands of mink were freed from farms across the province during 2013[66] and 2015.[67] The mink breeders association of Ontario responded by offering a hundred thousand dollar bounty leading to a conviction of the persons responsible.[68] Undercover footage was also released by the ALF in 2015 of several Ontario area mink farms, showcasing injured animals and mink cages covered in feces and maggots.[69] Animal rights organizations across the province have taken a wide array of actions to stop the fur trade, such as public protests and disruptions of fur fashion shows.[70][71]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development. Archive.niassembly.gov.uk. Retrieved on 10 May 2012.
  2. ↑ The Socio-Economic Impact of International Fur Farming. Irish Fur Breeders Association
  3. 1 2 International Fur Trade Federation. "The Socio-Economic Impact of International Fur Farming" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2009.
  4. ↑ US Mink: State of the Industry – 2011. Furcommission.com. Retrieved on 10 May 2012.
  5. ↑ "Industry & Trade Summary – Jan 2004" (PDF).
  6. ↑ "What are the rules on wearing fur?". BBC News. 12 January 2006. Retrieved 24 March 2008.
  7. ↑ Charles Clover Europe kicks up a stink over British move to ban mink, Telegraph.co.uk, 13 May 1999
  8. 1 2 3 Fur Farming Legislation Around The World, Infurmation.com
  9. ↑ Fur Farmers Backed into a Corner, fashionFINLAND.com, 2 January 2007
  10. ↑ MPs vote to ban fur farms. BBC News, 22 November 2000. Retrieved on 10 May 2012.
  11. ↑ Fur Farming (Prohibition) (Scotland) Act 2002. legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved on 28 May 2012.
  12. ↑ "Fur Industry". MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on 31 October 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2008.
  13. ↑ Guidelines on Euthanasia. (PDF). avma.org. Retrieved on 4 December 2012.
  14. ↑ Bundale, Brett (16 January 2013). "Fur farms may not all survive new N.S. rules". Herald (Halifax, Nova Scotia). Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  15. ↑ Medel, Brian (20 May 2013). "Mink industry in the pink". Chronicle Herald (Halifax, Nova Scotia). Retrieved 20 May 2013.
  16. ↑ "The Chapman Story".
  17. ↑ Audrey Eggers. "Farming For Fur". adapted from an article in the August/September 2002 issue of AgVentures. Fur Commission USA. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2008.
  18. ↑ The trade in dog and cat fur, Happy Paws
  19. ↑ "Betrayal of Trust: the Global Trade in Cat and Dog Fur". Humane society. Archived from the original on 21 March 2008. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
  20. ↑ Kerasote, Ted (24 March 2008). "An Olympic disgrace". Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
  21. 1 2 3 "Rabbit fur: face the facts". The Coalition to Abolish the Fur Trade (CAFT). Retrieved 28 March 2008.
  22. ↑ "Fur Farming". montanatrappers.org. 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  23. 1 2 3 "Inside the Fur Industry: Animal Factories". PETA. Retrieved 24 March 2008.
  24. ↑ "Frequent Reasons for buying Fur". fur.elehost.com. Retrieved 24 March 2008.
  25. ↑ "House of Commons Hansard Debates for 5 Mar 1999 (pt 6)". 5 March 1999. Retrieved 24 March 2008.
  26. 1 2 3 "Support Our Efforts for Animal Rights". Bont voor Dieren. Archived from the original on 15 December 2005. Retrieved 29 December 2005.
  27. ↑ "Campaigners hail fur ban bill". BBC News Online. 22 November 2000.
  28. ↑ Compassion In World Farming Ireland – Irish Farming Facts. Ciwf.ie. Retrieved on 10 May 2012.
  29. ↑ "Plan focuses on electoral reform, education spend". The Irish Times. 10 October 2009.
  30. ↑ "Animal welfare groups welcome ban on fur farming". The Irish Times. 10 October 2009.
  31. ↑ "Dutch law will ban mink farming by 2024". Daily News and Analysis. Reuters. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
  32. ↑ "Regulations to Improve Wildlife Welfare".
  33. ↑ "China unveils first ever animal cruelty legislation". The Daily Telegraph. London. 18 September 2009. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
  34. ↑ Dogs and Cats Skinned Alive for Their Fur in China. The Epoch Times (21 February 2007). Retrieved on 23 December 2013.
  35. ↑ A Shocking Look Inside Chinese Fur Farms. PETA.org. Retrieved on 23 December 2013.
  36. ↑ Announcement by China Fur Commission, China Leather Industry Association. china-embassy.ch (4 March 2005)
  37. ↑ Statement from The People's Government of Suning County. Old.furcommission.com (22 April 2005). Retrieved on 10 May 2012.
  38. ↑ http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/291483
  39. ↑ VShine Animal Protection Association: Fur Survey
  40. ↑ Parliament mulls how to deal with citizens’ initiatives yle.fi. 13 March 2013
  41. ↑ 100s march against fur farming. yle.fi 18 June 2013
  42. ↑ Kurjuuden ylistys. vuodatus.net. 27 February 2010
  43. ↑ Parliament says no to fur-farming ban Parliament says no to fur-farming ban. yle.fi. 19 June 2012
  44. ↑ Turkistarhauksen kielto kaatui äänin 146-36. yle.fi 19 June 2012
  45. ↑ "Response to Memoranda and Requests for Explanations and Submission of Collective Addresses Act – Riigi Teataja". www.riigiteataja.ee. Riigi Teataja. Retrieved 2016-08-31.
  46. ↑ "Riigikogu Rules of Procedure and Internal Rules Act – Riigi Teataja". www.riigiteataja.ee. Riigi Teataja. Retrieved 2016-08-31.
  47. ↑ "PN Ekstra: Loomaõiguslaste südantlõhestav salavideo". Estonian Public Broadcasting. Retrieved 2016-08-31.
  48. ↑ "Loomakaitsjad annavad riigikogule üle 10 000 karusloomafarmide keelustamise toetaja allkirja | Lääne Elu". Lääne Elu. Retrieved 2016-08-31.
  49. ↑ "Over 10,000 signatures given to ban fur farming". Estonian Public Broadcasting. Retrieved 2016-08-31.
  50. ↑ "Aita keelustada karusloomafarmid!". petitsioon.ee. Retrieved 2016-08-31.
  51. ↑ "Eesti naaritsafarmid tegutsevad aastaid loata". Pealtnägija, Estonian Public Broadcasting. Retrieved 2016-08-31.
  52. ↑ "Loomaõiguslaste salavideo näitas karusloomakasvatuse telgitaguseid". Estonian Public Broadcasting. Retrieved 2016-08-31.
  53. ↑ "Karusnaha lugu". Loomade Nimel/In the Name of Animals. 2014-11-05. Retrieved 2016-08-31.
  54. 1 2 "Press release: Undercover footage exposes the Estonian fur industry once again". Loomade Nimel/In the Name of Animals. 2014-11-20. Retrieved 2016-08-31.
  55. 1 2 "Video of Fur Farm Operating Without License Provokes Outrage". Estonian Public Broadcasting. Retrieved 2016-08-31.
  56. 1 2 "Padar: maaelukomisjon otsustab karusloomakasvatuste saatuse kiiresti". Postimees. Retrieved 2016-08-31.
  57. 1 2 "Final Report - A Study on Fur Farming (in Estonian)" (PDF). Estonian University of Life Sciences. January 29, 2014. Retrieved August 31, 2016.
  58. ↑ "Animal advocates: Impact analysis on fur farming is biased". loomus.ee. Animal Advocacy Organization Loomus. Retrieved 2016-08-31.
  59. ↑ "Maaelukomisjon otsustab karusloomakasvatuste saatuse võimalikult kiiresti". Estonian Public Broadcasting. Retrieved 2016-08-31.
  60. ↑ "International petition calls on Estonia to ban fur farms". loomus.ee. Animal Advocacy Organization Loomus. Retrieved 2016-08-31.
  61. ↑ http://montreal.ctvnews.ca/a-quebec-first-fur-farm-owner-charged-with-cruelty-negligence-1.2094960
  62. ↑ http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-farmed-mink-set-free-by-intruder-1.2741807
  63. ↑ http://furbearerdefenders.com/blog/make-fur-history
  64. ↑ http://globalnews.ca/news/1645709/footage-released-from-b-c-mink-farms-is-horrifying-says-bc-spca/
  65. ↑ http://vancouver.mediacoop.ca/story/summary-anti-fur-action-vancouver/15594
  66. ↑ http://www.simcoereformer.ca/2013/08/27/foxes-minks-sprung-from-fur-farm
  67. ↑ http://www.lfpress.com/2015/07/31/animals-released-from-third-mink-farm
  68. ↑
  69. ↑ http://directaction.info/news_oct30_15.htm
  70. ↑ http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/03/27/protestor-toronto-fashion_n_6958520.html
  71. ↑ http://london.ctvnews.ca/anti-fur-advocates-protest-at-channer-s-1.1688337
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