Amuktamalyada

Amuktamalyada ఆముక్తమాల్యద

Title page of 1907 Edition
Author Krishnadevaraya
Country India
Language Telugu
Genre Epic poetry
Publication date
 1509–1530
Krishnadevaraya
Saint Andal (14th Century, Madurai), at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art

Amuktamalyada (Telugu: ఆముక్తమాల్యద) is an epic poem in Telugu composed by Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagar Dynasty. Amuktamalyada translates to one who wears and gives away garlands. Considered as a masterpiece, Amuktamalyada describes the story of wedding of the Hindu Lord Vishnu and Andal (or Goda Devithe) the Tamil Alvar poet and daughter of Periyalvar, at Srirangam.[1]

Krishnadevaraya

Main article: Krishnadevaraya

Krishnadevaraya was the king of the Vijayanagara Empire reigning between 1509–1530.[2] He was the third ruler of the Tuluva Dynasty, and presided over the Vijaynagar empire at its zenith. Krishna Deva Raya earned the titles of Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana (lit, "Lord of the Kannada empire"), Andhra Bhoja and Mooru Rayara Ganda (lit, "King of three Kings"). He became the dominant ruler of the peninsula of India by defeating the Sultans of Bijapur, Golconda, the Bahmani Sultanate and the Gajapati Kingdom of Orissa.[3]

Krishnadevaraya during his reign patronised many Telugu, Kannada, Tamil and Sanskrit poets. His court had 8 Telugu poets (Astadiggajalu) - Allasani Peddana, Nandi Thimmana, Madayyagari Mallana, Dhurjati, Ayyala-raju Rama-Bhadrudu, Pingali Surana, Ramaraja Bhushanudu and Tenali Rama Krishna. The Kannada poets Mallanarya who wrote Bhava-chinta-ratna and Satyendra Chola-kathe and Chatu Vittal-anatha who wrote Bhagavata also enjoyed his patronage. The Tamil poet Haridasa and Tamil literature were patronised by Krishnadevaraya. The Sanskrit poet Vyasatirtha who wrote Bhedo-jjivana, Tat-parya-chandrika, Nyaya-mrita (a work directed against Advaita philosophy) and Tarka-tandava enjoyed his patronage. Krishnadevaraya was himself an accomplished Sanskrit scholar and wrote Madalasa Charita, Satyavadu Parinaya and Rasamanjari and Jambavati Kalyana[4][5]

Andal

Main article: Andal

Andal is the only female among the 12 Vaishnava Tamil saints - the Alvars. The story of Andal has no reliable historical account, except for 2 hagiographies - Nalayira Divyapradhandam by Nathamuni and Divyasuri Charitam by Garuda Vahana Panditar (a disciple of Ramanujacharyar). According to tradition, Andal was born in Srivilliputtur. She was found as an infant, abandoned under a basil (Tulasi - Ocimum tenuiflorum) tree, by Vishnucitta (or Periyalvar) who himself was an Alvar poet. It is said that Periyalvar recocognised the child as Bhudevi, the consort of Vishnu (p. 36).[6][7] Active in the 9th-century,[8][9] with some suggesting 8th-century.[10][11] Andal is credited with the Tamil works, Thiruppavai and Nachiar Tirumozhi, which are still recited by devotees during the winter festival season of Margazhi. Andal is known for her unwavering devotion to Lord Vishnu, the God of the Srivaishnavas. The Srivilliputhur Temple in Tamil Nadu is dedicated to her, marking her birthplace.[12]

Some of Andal's verses express love for Lord Vishnu, written with bold sensuality and startlingly savage longing, hunger and inquiry, that even today many of her most erotic poems are rarely rendered publicly.[13][14]

Krishnadevaraya's Amuktamalyada

It is believed that Krishnadevaraya wrote the work, after getting a dream in which Lord Vishnu appeared and instructed him write the story of his wedding to Andal at Srirangam in Telugu. In his dream, on being asked why Telugu was chosen, Lord Vishnu is said to have replied

“ తెలుఁగ దేల యెన్న దేశంబు దెలుఁగేను
తెలుఁగు వల్లభుండఁ తెలుఁగొకండ
యెల్ల నృపులు గొలువ నెరుఁగవే బాసాడి
దేశభాషలందుఁ తెలుఁగు లెస్స		 ”
— శ్రీ ఆంధ్ర విష్ణు
“ telugadElayanna, dESambu telugEnu
telugu vallaBhunDa telugokanDa
yella nRpulu golva nerugavE bAsADi
dESa BhAShalandu telugu lessa		 ”
— Śrī Viṣhṇu's reason on why Āmuktamālyada should be written in telugu by Sri Krishnadevaraya

Which translates to: "If you ask, 'Why Telugu?' It is because this is Telugu country and I am a Telugu king. Telugu is one of a kind. After speaking with all the kings that serve you, didn’t you realize - amongst all the regional languages, Telugu is the best!"

Amuktamalyada describes pain of separation (viraha) experienced by Andal, who is described as the incarnate of Lakshmi the consort of Vishnu. Further the poem describes Andal’s beauty in 30 verses written in the keśādi-pādam style, starting from her hair, going down her body till her feet.[15][16][17]

References

  1. ↑ Rao, Pappu Venugopala (22 June 2010). "A masterpiece in Telugu literature" (Chennai). The Hindu. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  2. ↑ Sen, Sailendra (15 March 2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. p. 288. ISBN 9380607342.
  3. ↑ Ray, Bharati (2009). Different Types of History. Pearson Education India. p. 424. ISBN 8131718182. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
  4. ↑ Kamath, Suryanath U (1980). A concise history of Karnataka: From pre-historic times to the present. Archana Prakashana. p. 324.
  5. ↑ Sastri, K A Nilakanta (1955). A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar (PDF). Madras: Oxford University Press. pp. 331–354. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
  6. ↑ Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. p. 593. ISBN 9780816075645. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  7. ↑ Ramaswamy, Vijaya (22 May 2007). Historical Dictionary of the Tamils. Scarecrow Press. p. 448. ISBN 9780810864450. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  8. ↑ Bryant, Edwin Francis (2007). Krishna: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-19-803400-1.
  9. ↑ Chitnis, Krishnaji Nageshrao (2003). Medieval Indian History. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 116. ISBN 978-81-7156-062-2.
  10. ↑ S. M. Srinivasa Chari (1 January 1997). Philosophy and Theistic Mysticism of the Āl̲vārs. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-81-208-1342-7.
  11. ↑ Greg Bailey; Ian Kesarcodi-Watson (1992). Bhakti Studies. Sterling Publishers. ISBN 978-81-207-0835-8.
  12. ↑ Kumararacharya, V S Sampath. Musings on Saint Andal's Tiruppavai (A garland of Thirty Multifaceted Mystic Verses). Krishnamurthipuram, Mysore: D V K Murthy. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
  13. ↑ Dalrymple, William (10 July 2015). "In search of Tamil Nadu's poet-preachers" (London). Financial Times. The Financial Times Limited. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  14. ↑ Chakravarty, Uma (1989). "The World of the Bhaktin in South Indian Traditions - The Body and Beyond" (PDF). Manushi. 50-51-52: 25. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  15. ↑ Krishnadevaraya (2010). Reddy, Srinivas, ed. Giver of the Worn Garland: Krishnadevaraya's Amuktamalyada. Penguin UK. ISBN 8184753055. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  16. ↑ Krishnadevaraya (1907). Amuktamalyada. London: Telugu Collection for the British Library. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  17. ↑ Nandakumar, Prema. "Verses from Amukta Malyada Translated". Muse India. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
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