24-Dehydrocholesterol reductase
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24-dehydrocholesterol reductase is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DHCR24 gene.[3][4]
This gene encodes a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent oxidoreductase, which catalyzes the reduction of the delta-24 double bond of sterol intermediates during cholesterol biosynthesis. The protein contains a leader sequence that directs it to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Missense mutations in this gene have been associated with desmosterolosis. Also, reduced expression of the gene occurs in the temporal cortex of Alzheimer disease patients and overexpression has been observed in adrenal gland cancer cells.[4]
Model organisms
| Characteristic | Phenotype |
|---|---|
| Homozygote viability | Abnormal |
| Recessive lethal study | Abnormal |
| Fertility | Normal |
| Body weight | Normal |
| Anxiety | Normal |
| Neurological assessment | Normal |
| Grip strength | Normal |
| Hot plate | Normal |
| Dysmorphology | Normal |
| Indirect calorimetry | Normal |
| Glucose tolerance test | Normal |
| Auditory brainstem response | Normal |
| DEXA | Normal |
| Radiography | Normal |
| Body temperature | Normal |
| Eye morphology | Normal |
| Clinical chemistry | Normal |
| Plasma immunoglobulins | Normal |
| Haematology | Normal |
| Peripheral blood lymphocytes | Normal |
| Micronucleus test | Normal |
| Heart weight | Normal |
| Skin Histopathology | Normal |
| Brain histopathology | Normal |
| Salmonella infection | Normal[5] |
| Citrobacter infection | Normal[6] |
| All tests and analysis from[7][8] |
Model organisms have been used in the study of DHCR24 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Dhcr24tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi[9][10] was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program — a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.[11][12][13]
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion.[7][14] Twenty-six tests were carried out on mutant mice and two significant abnormalities were observed.[7] Few homozygous mutant embryos were identified during gestation, and none survived until weaning. The remaining tests were carried out on heterozygous mutant adult mice and no further abmornalities were observed.[7]
References
- ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:".
- ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:".
- ↑ Waterham HR, Koster J, Romeijn GJ, Hennekam RC, Vreken P, Andersson HC, FitzPatrick DR, Kelley RI, Wanders RJ (Sep 2001). "Mutations in the 3beta-hydroxysterol Delta24-reductase gene cause desmosterolosis, an autosomal recessive disorder of cholesterol biosynthesis.". Am J Hum Genet. 69 (4): 685–94. doi:10.1086/323473. PMC 1226055
. PMID 11519011. - 1 2 "Entrez Gene: DHCR24 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase".
- ↑ "Salmonella infection data for Dhcr24". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
- ↑ "Citrobacter infection data for Dhcr24". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
- 1 2 3 4 White JK, Gerdin AK, Karp NA, et al. (July 2013). "Genome-wide Generation and Systematic Phenotyping of Knockout Mice Reveals New Roles for Many Genes". Cell. 154 (2): 452–64. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.06.022. PMC 3717207. PMID 23870131.
- ↑ Mouse Resources Portal, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
- ↑ "International Knockout Mouse Consortium".
- ↑ "Mouse Genome Informatics".
- ↑ Skarnes, W. C.; Rosen, B.; West, A. P.; Koutsourakis, M.; Bushell, W.; Iyer, V.; Mujica, A. O.; Thomas, M.; Harrow, J.; Cox, T.; Jackson, D.; Severin, J.; Biggs, P.; Fu, J.; Nefedov, M.; De Jong, P. J.; Stewart, A. F.; Bradley, A. (2011). "A conditional knockout resource for the genome-wide study of mouse gene function". Nature. 474 (7351): 337–342. doi:10.1038/nature10163. PMC 3572410. PMID 21677750.
- ↑ Dolgin E (2011). "Mouse library set to be knockout". Nature. 474 (7351): 262–3. doi:10.1038/474262a. PMID 21677718.
- ↑ Collins FS, Rossant J, Wurst W (2007). "A Mouse for All Reasons". Cell. 128 (1): 9–13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.018. PMID 17218247.
- ↑ van der Weyden L, White JK, Adams DJ, Logan DW (2011). "The mouse genetics toolkit: revealing function and mechanism.". Genome Biol. 12 (6): 224. doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-6-224. PMC 3218837. PMID 21722353.
External links
- Human DHCR24 genome location and DHCR24 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.
Further reading
- Peri A, Danza G, Serio M (2005). "Seladin-1 as a target of estrogen receptor activation in the brain: a new gene for a rather old story?". J. Endocrinol. Invest. 28 (3): 285–93. doi:10.1007/bf03345387. PMID 15954227.
- Nomura N, Miyajima N, Sazuka T, et al. (1995). "Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. I. The coding sequences of 40 new genes (KIAA0001-KIAA0040) deduced by analysis of randomly sampled cDNA clones from human immature myeloid cell line KG-1.". DNA Res. 1 (1): 27–35. doi:10.1093/dnares/1.1.27. PMID 7584026.
- Nomura N, Miyajima N, Sazuka T, et al. (1995). "Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. I. The coding sequences of 40 new genes (KIAA0001-KIAA0040) deduced by analysis of randomly sampled cDNA clones from human immature myeloid cell line KG-1 (supplement).". DNA Res. 1 (1): 47–56. doi:10.1093/dnares/1.1.47. PMID 7584028.
- Greeve I, Hermans-Borgmeyer I, Brellinger C, et al. (2001). "The human DIMINUTO/DWARF1 homolog seladin-1 confers resistance to Alzheimer's disease-associated neurodegeneration and oxidative stress.". J. Neurosci. 20 (19): 7345–52. PMID 11007892.
- Andersson HC, Kratz L, Kelley R (2003). "Desmosterolosis presenting with multiple congenital anomalies and profound developmental delay.". Am. J. Med. Genet. 113 (4): 315–9. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.10873. PMID 12457401.
- Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
- Luciani P, Ferruzzi P, Arnaldi G, et al. (2004). "Expression of the novel adrenocorticotropin-responsive gene selective Alzheimer's disease indicator-1 in the normal adrenal cortex and in adrenocortical adenomas and carcinomas.". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89 (3): 1332–9. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031065. PMID 15001630.
- Suzuki Y, Yamashita R, Shirota M, et al. (2004). "Sequence comparison of human and mouse genes reveals a homologous block structure in the promoter regions.". Genome Res. 14 (9): 1711–8. doi:10.1101/gr.2435604. PMC 515316. PMID 15342556.
- Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.
- Wu C, Miloslavskaya I, Demontis S, et al. (2005). "Regulation of cellular response to oncogenic and oxidative stress by Seladin-1.". Nature. 432 (7017): 640–5. doi:10.1038/nature03173. PMID 15577914.
- Di Stasi D, Vallacchi V, Campi V, et al. (2005). "DHCR24 gene expression is upregulated in melanoma metastases and associated to resistance to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis.". Int. J. Cancer. 115 (2): 224–30. doi:10.1002/ijc.20885. PMID 15688385.
- Crameri A, Biondi E, Kuehnle K, et al. (2006). "The role of seladin-1/DHCR24 in cholesterol biosynthesis, APP processing and Abeta generation in vivo.". EMBO J. 25 (2): 432–43. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600938. PMC 1383521. PMID 16407971.
- Benvenuti S, Saccardi R, Luciani P, et al. (2006). "Neuronal differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells: changes in the expression of the Alzheimer's disease-related gene seladin-1.". Exp. Cell Res. 312 (13): 2592–604. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.04.016. PMID 16762343.
- Lämsä R, Helisalmi S, Hiltunen M, et al. (2007). "The association study between DHCR24 polymorphisms and Alzheimer's disease.". Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 144 (7): 906–10. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30532. PMID 17510943.
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