2015 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

2015 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Season summary map
First system formed June 7, 2015
Last system dissipated November 10, 2015
Strongest storm1 Chapala – 940 hPa (mbar), 215 km/h (130 mph) (3-minute sustained)
Depressions 12
Deep depressions 9
Cyclonic storms 4
Severe cyclonic storms 2
Very severe cyclonic storms 2
Total fatalities >363 total
Total damage > $258 million (2015 USD)
1Strongest storm is determined by lowest pressure
North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone seasons
2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017

The 2015 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. The North Indian Ocean cyclone season has no official bounds, but cyclones tend to form between April and December, with the peak from May to November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean.

The scope of this article is limited to the Indian Ocean in the Northern Hemisphere, east of the Horn of Africa and west of the Malay Peninsula. There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean — the Arabian Sea to the west of the Indian subcontinent, abbreviated ARB by the India Meteorological Department (IMD); and the Bay of Bengal to the east, abbreviated BOB by the IMD.

The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department (IMD), while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center releases unofficial advisories. On average, three to four cyclonic storms form in this basin every season.[1]

Season summary

Cyclone Megh Cyclone Chapala 2015 Gujarat cyclone

The Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) index for the season as of 06:00 UTC on November 7 is 30.9425 ACE units.

The season started rather late compared to the last two years, with the first storm, Ashobaa, not developing until June 7. Ashobaa was followed by 2 depressions, before Komen formed in July. Komen produced torrential rainfall in Bangledash. September featured no storms, before Chapala formed at the end of October. Chapala rapidly intensified over the Arabian Sea into an Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm, becoming the strongest in the Arabian Sea since Gonu in 2007. Chapala also became the only hurricane force system to make landfall in Yemen, and the first since 1922 in Socotra. Chapala was followed by Megh, which reached a weaker intensity in the same general area.

Storms

Cyclonic Storm Ashobaa

Cyclonic storm (IMD)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration June 7 – June 12
Peak intensity 85 km/h (50 mph) (3-min)  990 hPa (mbar)

Under the influence of an ongoing onset of a southwest monsoon, a low pressure area formed on June 6. It slowly consolidated, prompting the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) to issue a Tropical cyclone formation alert (TCFA) on June 6.[2] The following day, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) issued its first advisory for the system, designating it ARB 01. Later the same day, the JTWC reported the storm had reached tropical cyclone intensity, and on June 8, the IMD upgraded the storm to a cyclonic storm, assigning it the name Ashobaa. The storm continued to track northwestwards for a while, before turning westwards and weakening due to moderate to high wind shear and land interaction.

Due to most of the moisture being drawn into the storm, the onset of the southwest monsoon over the Indian subcontinent was stalled.[3] Torrential rains fell across much of eastern Oman, with Masirah Island receiving 225 mm (8.9 in) of rain in one day and more than 250 mm (9.8 in) overall.[4][5] Significant flooding prompted dozens of evacuations while strong winds caused power outages.[6] Waterlogging was reported in Kalba and Fujairah, in the United Arab Emirates, due to disturbed weather attributed to Ashobaa.[7]

Depression BOB 01

Depression (IMD)
Duration June 20 – June 21
Peak intensity 45 km/h (30 mph) (3-min)  994 hPa (mbar)

An area of low pressure developed off the east coast of India on June 17, about 135 nmi (250 km; 155 mi) east-southeast of Visakhapatnam.[8] Over the next two days, deep convection developed along the southern and western periphery of the centre of the system, predominantly under the influence of the advancing southwest monsoon.[9] Due to the moderate-to-strong wind shear caused by the monsoon, the disturbance failed to develop any further, and the JTWC had reported that it dissipated on June 20.[10] At the same time, however, the IMD started tracking this system as a depression, reporting gusts of up to 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph).[11][12] The depression made landfall over Odisha coast early on June 21, between Gopalpur and Puri.[13] Without any further information, the IMD stopped tracking BOB 01 on June 22.[14]

Rough seas from the depression caught many fishing vessels off-guard, with at least 150 people reported missing offshore on June 21.[15] The vast majority either returned to shore safely or were rescued within a day; however, nine fishermen are feared to have drowned.[16] The entire state of Odisha was put on alert for 21—23 June. The system brought heavy rains to most of the state, with Malkangiri receiving the highest, 320 mm (13 in) of rain.[17] Access to many towns in the Malkangiri district was blocked due to flooding.[18] At least six deaths took place from flood-related incidents.[15]

Deep Depression ARB 02

Main article: 2015 Gujarat cyclone
Deep depression (IMD)
Duration June 22 – June 24
Peak intensity 55 km/h (35 mph) (3-min)  988 hPa (mbar)

Following the series of monsoonal disturbances, a fresh wave of thunderstorms organized into an area of low pressure on June 21, in the Arabian Sea, off the coast of Gujarat.[19] Deep convection persisted to the west of the system while the circulation continued to develop over the next 24 hours,[20] and the IMD started tracking it as a depression, with the identifier ARB 02.[14] ARB 02 continued to evolve and by the night of June 22, the JTWC issued a TCFA on the system, while it was 285 nmi (528 km; 328 mi) west-northwest of Mumbai.[21]

Torrential rains battered Gujarat, with peak accumulations of 636 mm (25.0 in) in Bagasara, 511 mm (20.1 in) in Dhari, and 400 mm (16 in) in Variyav. Severe flooding ensued across the region, isolating many villages in the Saurashtra region, and prompted mobilization of the National Disaster Response Force and Indian Air Force.[22] Flooding in the Amreli district was reported to be the worst in 90 years; 600 of the district's 838 villages were affected, 400 of which were rendered inaccessible by land.[23] At least 80 people died in the region, with Saurashtra suffering the greatest losses.[24] Ten Asiatic lions, an endangered species with only 523 living individuals documented in May 2015, died during the floods while more than a dozen remain missing.[25][26] The Gujarat government estimated damage at ₹16.5 billion (US$258 million); however, Congress MLA Paresh Dhanani claimed damage to be as high as ₹70 billion (US$1.09 billion).[27]

Land Depression 01

Depression (IMD)
Duration July 10 – July 12
Peak intensity 45 km/h (30 mph) (3-min)  994 hPa (mbar)

At 03:00 UTC (08:30 AM IST) on July 10, a depression formed over land over Jharkhand, close to Ranchi. It drifted in a generally northwestward direction and dissipated early on July 12 over the periphery of Uttar Pradesh and adjoining areas of Haryana.

The system produced extremely heavy downpours, breaking the record in the city of Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh for the maximum amount of rainfall in 24 hours. The city received 191 mm (8 in) of rainfall in a day breaking the previous record of 149.9 mm (6 in) which was set around the same period in 1947. The rainfall received was also more than 75% of the average monthly rainfall of 250.7 mm (10 in) in the city.[28] In Odisha, at least 14 villages were inundated by floods directly linked to the depression. The Hirakud Dam authorities had announced that they would be releasing waters on July 13 from the river Mahanadi.[29] The states of Uttar Pradesh and Haryana also received torrential rains from the system.[30]

Cyclonic Storm Komen

Cyclonic storm (IMD)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration July 26 – August 2
Peak intensity 75 km/h (45 mph) (3-min)  986 hPa (mbar)

On July 26 a depression formed inland over the Ganges delta. Early on July 30, the system was upgraded to a cyclonic storm by the IMD and named as Komen while making a U-turn. On August 2, Komen was no longer a tropical cyclone.[31]

Torrential rains impacted much of Myanmar, causing widespread flooding. At least 46 people were killed and more than 200,000 were affected.[32] Additionally, at least 17,000 homes were destroyed.[33][34] Tremendous rains fell across southeastern Bangladesh, with accumulations Komen and the monsoonal system it originated from reaching 1,051.2 mm (41.39 in) in Chittagong.[35] The resulting floods killed at least 23 people and affected more than 130,400.[36][37] A landslide in the Bandarban District killed six people.[38] Flooding in Odisha, India, killed five people and affected at least 480,399.[39] At least 69 people died across West Bengal from various incidents directly and indirectly to the storm, such as electrocution and snake bites. A total of 272,488 homes were destroyed while a further 55,899 sustained damage.[40][41] At least 21 people died in Manipur, 20 of whom perished in a landslide that struck Joumol village.[42]

Land Depression 02

Deep depression (IMD)
Duration July 27 – July 30
Peak intensity 55 km/h (35 mph) (3-min)  994 hPa (mbar)

A trough over Madhya Pradesh drifted westwards into eastern Rajasthan and lead to the formation of an area of low pressure in its vicinity on July 24. Continuing on its westward track, the system became more organised and intensified into a depression on July 27, to the west of Jodhpur. A western disturbance over Pakistan and adjoining areas of Jammu and Kashmir kept the system from moving further north into drier portions of Rajasthan. This allowed it to intensify further into a deep depression, about 110 km (68 mi) southeast of Barmer. However, the system accelerated in a chiefly northward track on July 29, absorbing dry air along its path. It weakened rapidly and dissipated to the north of Bikaner on the following day.[43]

Heavy rainfall brought by the system lead to flash flooding in districts of Rajasthan and Gujarat. Chief Minister of Gujarat Anandiben Patel ordered rescue teams to carry out relief activities in Kutch, Patan, Banaskantha, and other districts of the state, as a result.[44]

Deep Depression ARB 03

Deep depression (IMD)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration October 9 – October 11
Peak intensity 55 km/h (35 mph) (3-min)  1000 hPa (mbar)

In early October, a low pressure area formed over the Arabian Sea. It slowly consolidated, prompting the JTWC to issue a TCFA on October 7. The IMD started issuing its advisories for the system, designating it ARB 03. In the late hours of October 9, the JTWC stated the storm had reached gale force winds, and commenced its advisories. The following day, the depression intensified into a Deep depression, reaching its peak intensity with wind speeds at 55 km/h (35 mph) and a minimum central pressure estimated near 1,001 mbar (29.56 inHg). During the following days, the storm followed a generally northwestward track, where it encountered areas having low mid-to-upper level moisture in the atmosphere. The system struggled to maintain intensity and weakened, causing the JTWC to issue its final warning on ARB 03 in the morning of October 11. The next day, IMD reported that the storm had dissipated into a well marked low pressure area.

The storm, being over water during its entire lifespan, did not directly impact any landmass. However, under the influence of the storm's rain bands, heavy Rains lashed the Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, India. The reservoir of Chittar I, a dam near Kanyakumari, recorded 216.4 mm (8.52 in) of rainfall.[45]

Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Chapala

Extremely severe cyclonic storm (IMD)
Category 4 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Duration October 28 – November 4
Peak intensity 215 km/h (130 mph) (3-min)  940 hPa (mbar)
Main article: Cyclone Chapala

A low pressure area formed over the Arabian Sea on October 26.[46] It slowly consolidated, prompting the IMD to classify it a depression on October 28.[47] Later the same day, the JTWC issued its Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) for the system, and the IMD upgraded the storm to deep depression intensity.[48][49] Further intensification ensued, causing the IMD to upgrade the system to a cyclonic storm, naming it Chapala.[50] Over the following hours, the storm intensified into a severe cyclonic storm and further into a very severe cyclonic storm.[51][52] Rapid intensification commenced and Chapala was upgraded into an extremely severe cyclonic storm on October 30.[53] On November 3, it made landfall in Yemen as a very severe cyclonic storm, making it the first tropical cyclone at hurricane intensity to make landfall in the country on record.[54] Chapala rapidly weakened over the mountainous terrain of mainland Yemen and was last noted as a low pressure area the following day.

Chapala caused widespread damage in mainland Yemen, Socotra and the Puntland region of Somalia. High winds, strong waves, and heavy rainfall affected the southern Yemen coast, with areas in the region receiving 610 mm (24 in) of rainfall over 48 hours, or 700% of the average yearly precipitation. The storm caused severe flooding along the coast, including in Al Mukalla, the nation's fifth largest city, where the seafront was destroyed by waves exceeding 9 m (30 ft). While passing north of Socotra, Chapala brought heavy rainfall and high winds while inundating the northeastern part of the island. Large swells produced by Chapala caused extensive coastal damage in eastern Puntland, with multiple structures, boats, and roads destroyed. An Iranian vessel capsized offshore on November 1, killing one person.

Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Megh

Extremely severe cyclonic storm (IMD)
Category 3 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Duration November 5 – November 10
Peak intensity 175 km/h (110 mph) (3-min)  964 hPa (mbar)
Main article: Cyclone Megh

A low pressure area consolidated into a depression on November 5.[55] It intensified further, prompting the JTWC to issue a TCFA and the IMD to upgrade it into a deep depression.[56][57] In the following days, the storm's covection flourished as environmental conditions recuperated. By November 8, Megh rapidly intensified into a marginal Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm, peaking with winds exceeding 175 km/h (110 mph) and a minimum central pressure of 964 mbar (28.47 inHg). Maintaining intensity, the storm made its first landfall over Socotra and headed west, skirting the northern tip of Somalia. Megh took a west-northwestward turn, and made its second landfall over the coast of Yemen on November 10 and weakened into a well-marked low pressure area over mainland Yemen.

Megh's landfall over the island of Socotra as a Category 3-equivalent storm caused extensive devastation, killing at least eighteen people and injuring dozens of others.[58] Another six people were left missing on the island. More than 500 houses were completely destroyed and another 3,000 were damaged.[59] In addition, hundreds of fishing boats were damaged and more than 3,000 families were displaced as a result of Megh.[60][61]

Deep Depression BOB 03

Deep depression (IMD)
Duration November 8 – November 10
Peak intensity 55 km/h (35 mph) (3-min)  991 hPa (mbar)

A low pressure area consolidated into a depression on November 8. It slowly intensified, prompting the JTWC to issue a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) for the system, but was eventually cancelled despite the improving appearance prior to landfall. The IMD later upgraded the system to a deep depression before it crossed the coast of Tamil Nadu near Puducherry the following day with peak wind speeds of 55 km/h (35 mph) and a minimum central pressure of 991 hPa (29.26 inHg). Due to land interaction and high vertical wind shear, the system weakened into a well-marked low pressure area over north Tamil Nadu on November 10.

The storm brought heavy rainfall over the coastal districts of Tamil Nadu. Neyveli, a mining township southwest of Puducherry, recorded 139 mm (5.5 in) of rainfall on November 9 and 483 mm (19.0 in) of rainfall on November 10[62] of which 450 mm (18 in) fell within a span of 9 hours.[63] At least 71 people were killed in various incidents, predominately related to flooding, across Tamil Nadu.[64][65]

Season effects

This is a table of all storms in the 2015 North Indian Ocean cyclone season. It mentions all of the season's storms and their names, duration, peak intensities (according to the IMD storm scale), damage, and death totals. Damage and death totals include the damage and deaths caused when that storm was a precursor wave or extratropical low, and all of the damage figures are in 2015 USD.

Name Dates active Peak classification Sustained
wind speeds		 Pressure Land areas affected Damage
(USD)		 Deaths Refs
Ashobaa 7 – 12 June Cyclonic storm 85 km/h (50 mph) 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) Oman, United Arab Emirates Minimal None
BOB 01 20 – 21 June Depression 45 km/h (30 mph) 994 hPa (29.36 inHg) East India Minimal 15
ARB 02 22 – 24 June Deep depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 988 hPa (29.18 inHg) West India 258 million 80
LAND 01 10 – 12 July Depression 45 km/h (30 mph) 994 hPa (29.36 inHg) North India, Nepal None None
Komen 26 July – 2 August Cyclonic storm 75 km/h (45 mph) 986 hPa (29.12 inHg) Bangladesh, Myanmar, Northern India Unknown 170
LAND 02 27 – 30 July Deep depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 994 hPa (29.36 inHg) Central India None None
LAND 03 4 August Depression 45 km/h (30 mph) 998 hPa (29.47 inHg) Central India None None
LAND 04 16 – 19 September Deep depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 996 hPa (29.41 inHg) Central India None None
ARB 03 9 – 11 October Deep depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) None None None
Chapala 28 October – 4 November Extremely severe cyclonic storm 215 km/h (130 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Oman, Somalia, Yemen Unknown 9
Megh 5 – 10 November Extremely severe cyclonic storm 175 km/h (110 mph) 964 hPa (28.47 inHg) Oman, Somalia, Yemen Unknown 18
BOB 03 8 – 10 November Deep depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 991 hPa (29.26 inHg) South India, Sri Lanka Unknown 71
Season Aggregates
12 systems 7 June – 10 November 215 km/h (130 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) 258 million 363

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2015 North Indian Ocean cyclone season.

References

  1. ↑ "Annual Frequency of Cyclonic Disturbances (Maximum Wind Speed of 17 Knots or More), Cyclones (34 Knots or More) and Severe Cyclones (48 Knots or More) Over the Bay of Bengal (BOB), Arabian Sea (AS) and Land Surface of India" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
  2. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). "Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert WTIO21 Issued on 06 June 2015 at 1100 UTC". Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). Archived from the original on June 7, 2015. Retrieved June 7, 2015.
  3. ↑ Madaan, Neha (June 11, 2015). "Ashobaa stalls monsoon's advance". The Times of India. The Times of India. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
  4. ↑ Eric Leister (June 12, 2015). "Rainstorm Ashobaa Slams Oman With Historic Flooding". Accuweather. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
  5. ↑ Fahad Al Mukrashi (June 12, 2015). "Heavy rains cause flooding in southern Oman". Muscat, Oman: Gulf News. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
  6. ↑ "Widespread flooding as Ashobaa brings heavy rains to Oman". Muscat, Oman: The National. June 12, 2015. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
  7. ↑ Rai, Bindu. "Ashobaa Latest: Gale winds to strike Muscat; Waterlogging in Fujairah". Emirates247. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
  8. ↑ "Tropical Weather Advisory for Indian Ocean - 18/1800z". NOAA. Archived from the original on June 21, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
  9. ↑ "Tropical Weather Advisory for Indian Ocean - 19/1800z". NOAA. Archived from the original on June 21, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
  10. ↑ "Tropical Weather Advisory for Indian Ocean - 20/1800z". NOAA. Archived from the original on June 21, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
  11. ↑ "Tropical Weather Outlook - 20/0600z" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 21, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
  12. ↑ "Tropical Weather Outlook - 20/1500z" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 21, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
  13. ↑ "Tropical Weather Outlook - 21/0600z" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 21, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
  14. 1 2 "Tropical Weather Outlook - 22/0600z". India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original on June 22, 2015. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
  15. 1 2 "Heavy rains throw life out of gear in Andhra and Telangana". Hyderabad, India: Nyoooz. June 21, 2015. Retrieved June 24, 2015.
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  22. ↑ "Flood-like situation in Gujarat due to heavy rains; 34 dead". Ahmedabad, India: News Nation. Press Trust of India. June 24, 2015. Retrieved June 24, 2015.
  23. ↑ "Gujarat's Amreli battles worst flood in 90 years". Rajkot, India: Times of India. June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
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  25. ↑ Mahesh Langa (June 28, 2015). "Gujarat floods kill 7 lions, more than a dozen still missing". Ahmedabad, India: Hindustan Times. Retrieved June 28, 2015.
  26. ↑ "Rains Kill Four More Lions in Gujarat, Toll Climbs to 9". Ahmedabad, India: The New Indian Express. Press Trust of India. June 28, 2015. Retrieved June 28, 2015.
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  28. ↑ "Gwalior records 191 mm rainfall in 24 hours, inches closer to monthly normal". Skymet Weather. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  29. ↑ "Depression-induced rain floods 14 Odisha villages". The Statesman. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  30. ↑ "Heavy Monsoon Rain Lashes Uttar Pradesh". Skymet Weather. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  31. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Advisory Bulletin" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 30, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
  32. ↑ "Myanmar Flooding Death Toll Rises as Damage Widens". Kalay, Myanmar: Wall Street Journal. Associated Press. August 3, 2015. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  33. ↑ "20 killed in Myanmar floods". Yangon, Myanmar: The Hindu. July 28, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
  34. ↑ "Myanmar flood death toll rises to 27". Yangon, Myanmar: The Sun Daily. Agence France-Presse. July 31, 2015. Retrieved July 31, 2015.
  35. ↑ Nick Wiltgen (July 31, 2015). "Tropical Cyclone Komen Soaking Waterlogged Bangladesh, Myanmar; At Least 33 Reported Dead, 6 Missing". The Weather Channel. Retrieved July 31, 2015.
  36. ↑ Stephan Uttom (July 28, 2015). "At least 7 die in Bangladesh floods". Dhaka, Bangladesh: UCA News. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
  37. ↑ "Flash floods, landslides bring death to southeastern Bangladesh". Dhaka, Bangladesh: eNCA. Reuters. July 28, 2015. Retrieved July 31, 2015.
  38. ↑ "Six killed in Bangladesh landslides". Dhaka, Bangladesh: One India. August 2, 2015. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
  39. ↑ "Heavy rains trigger floods in Gujarat, Rajasthan, West Bengal, Odisha; 81 dead". New Delhi, India: IBN Live (CNN). Press Trust of India. August 2, 2015. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
  40. ↑ "West Bengal flood death toll rises to 69; CM Mamata Banerjee visits affected areas". Kolkata, India: Daily News and Analysis India. Press Trust of India. August 3, 2015. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  41. ↑ "Floods wreak havoc, claim 81 lives in three states". New Delhi, India: The Tribune. Press Trust of India. August 2, 2015. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
  42. ↑ "Heavy rains wreak havoc in Manipur, West Bengal and Odisha". New Delhi, India: India Today. August 2, 2015. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
  43. ↑ "Depression over Rajasthan to weaken rapidly". Skymet Weather. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  44. ↑ "Deep depression brings heavy rains, flooding in parts of Gujarat". Business Standard. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  45. ↑ http://www.dailythanthi.com/News/Districts/Kanyakumari/2015/10/10022116/Kumari-district-dawn-to-dawn-rainThe-inundation-of.vpf
  46. ↑ "Tropical weather outlook for North Indian Ocean Issued at 0600 UTC of 26 October 2015" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. October 26, 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 30, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
  47. ↑ Mohapatra, M. "Depression over southeast Arabian Sea: RSMC bulletin for the Indian coast." (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 28, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  48. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert WTIO21 Issued at 0700 UTC, 28 October 2015.". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on October 28, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  49. ↑ Mohapatra, M. "Tropical weather outlook for the North Indian Ocean issued at 1500 UTC of 28 October 2015." (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 28, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  50. ↑ Mohapatra, M. "Tropical Storm Chapala advisory 1 issued at 0300 UTC of 29 October 2015" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 30, 2015. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
  51. ↑ Mohapatra, M. "Tropical Storm Chapala Advisory 5 Issued at 1500 UTC of 29 October 2015." (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 30, 2015. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
  52. ↑ Mohapatra, M. "Tropical Storm Chapala Advisory 7 Issued at 2100 UTC of 29 October 2015." (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 30, 2015. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
  53. ↑ Mohapatra, M. "Tropical Storm Chapala Advisory 10 issued at 0600 UTC of 30 October 2015" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 30, 2015. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
  54. ↑ "Chapala Slams Yemen: First Hurricane-Strength Cyclone on Record". November 3, 2015. Retrieved November 3, 2015.
  55. ↑ Mohapatra, M. "Tropical Weather Outlook for the North Indian Ocean Issued at 0300 UTC of November 5, 2015." (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 5, 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
  56. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert Issued at 02:30 UTC of 05 November 2015". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
  57. ↑ Mohapatra, M. "Deep Depression over eastcentral Arabian Sea" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 5, 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
  58. ↑ "Yemen - Tropical Cyclones MEGH and CHAPALA". ECHO. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
  59. ↑ "Yemen: Yemen: Cyclones Chapala and Megh Flash Update 8". OCHA. Yemen - ReliefWeb News. November 11, 2015. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
  60. ↑ "Yémen: 14 morts dans le cyclone Megh". Monde. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
  61. ↑ Doyle Rice (November 8, 2015). "Second deadly cyclone in a week targets Yemen". USA Today. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
  62. ↑ http://www.webcitation.org/6czPIpqbE?url=http%3A%2F%2Fimdpune.gov.in%2Fweather_forecasting%2FImages%2Fd-2r.pdf
  63. ↑ K, Lakshmi (November 10, 2015). "Rain wreaks havoc in coastal districts". The Hindu. The Hindu. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
  64. ↑ "Rain batters TN: Jaya announces Rs 500cr relief, IAF in action". Hindustan Times. November 16, 2015. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
  65. ↑ "31 people killed in Tamil Nadu in rain related incidents". The Statesman. Press Trust of India. November 12, 2015. Retrieved November 12, 2015.

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