1793

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1793 (MDCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (dominical letter F) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday (dominical letter B) of the Julian calendar, the 1793rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 793rd year of the 2nd millennium, the 93rd year of the 18th century, and the 4th year of the 1790s decade. As of the start of 1793, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1918.The French Republic introduced the French Revolutionary Calendar starting with the year I.

Events

January–June

• January 7 – The Ebel riot in Sweden.
• January 9 – Jean-Pierre Blanchard becomes the first to fly in a gas balloon in the United States.
• January 21 – After being found guilty of treason by the French National Convention, Citizen Capet, Louis XVI of France, is guillotined.^[1]
• January 23 – Second Partition of Poland: The Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia partition the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
• February 1 – French Revolutionary Wars: France declares war on Great Britain and the Netherlands.
• February 25 – George Washington holds the first Cabinet meeting as President of the United States.
• February 27 – The Giles resolutions are introduced to the United States House of Representatives, asking the House to condemn Alexander Hamilton's handling of loans.
• March 1–3 – John Langdon serves as President pro tempore of the United States Senate.
• March 4 – George Washington is sworn in as President of the United States in Philadelphia for his second term.
• March 5 – French troops are defeated by Austrian forces and Liège is recaptured.
• March 7 – France declares war on Spain.
• March 18 – The first republican state in Germany, the Republic of Mainz, is declared by Andreas Joseph Hofmann.
• April 6 – The Committee of Public Safety is established in France with Georges Danton as its head.
• April 25 – The pioneer parishes of New Orleans and Louisiana are erected as well as incorporated into the Diocese of Louisiana and the Two Floridas
• April 22 – George Washington signs the Neutrality Proclamation.
• May 31 – Regular troops under François Hanriot demand that the Girondins be expelled from the national convention.
• June – The Macartney Embassy, a British diplomatic mission to China led by George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney, reaches Canton, but will be rebuffed by the Qianlong Emperor.^[2]
• June 2 – The Girondins are overthrown in France.
• June 10 – The Jardin des Plantes and the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle are created by the National Convention. The museum opens in Paris the following year and the garden houses one of the first public zoos.

July–December

• July 9 – The Act Against Slavery is passed in Upper Canada.
• July 13 – Charlotte Corday kills Jean-Paul Marat in his bath.
• July 17 – Charlotte Corday is executed.
• July 20 – Scottish explorer Alexander Mackenzie's 1792–1793 Peace River expedition to the Pacific Ocean reaches its goal at Bella Coola, British Columbia, making him the first known person to complete a transcontinental crossing of northern North America.
• July 29 – John Graves Simcoe decides to build a fort and settlement at Toronto, having sailed into the bay there.
• August 1–November 9 – The yellow fever epidemic of 1793 hits Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; 5,000 die.
• August 10 – French Revolution – Feast of Unity: Crowds in Paris burn monarchist emblems.
  • The Louvre is officially opened in Paris, France.
• August 23 – The following universal conscription decree is enacted in France: "The young men shall go to battle and the married men shall forge arms. The women shall make tents and clothes and shall serve in the hospitals; children shall tear rags into lint. The old men will be guided to the public places of the cities to kindle the courage of the young warriors and to preach the unity of the Republic and the hatred of kings."
• September 5 – French Revolution – The National Convention begins the 10-month Reign of Terror.
• October 5 – French Revolutionary Wars: Raid on Genoa – The British Royal Navy boards and captures French warships sheltering in the neutral port of Genoa.
• October 15–16 – French Revolution: Battle of Wattignies – A French Republican force commanded by Jean-Baptiste Jourdan compels a Habsburg Austrian Coalition army to retire.
• October 16 – French Revolution: Marie Antoinette, the widowed queen consort of Louis XVI of France, is guillotined in the Place de la Révolution in Paris at the conclusion of a 2-day trial before the Revolutionary Tribunal.
• October 24 – The French Republican Calendar is adopted by the National Convention.
• November 10 – The dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution reaches a climax with the celebration of the Goddess "Reason" in the cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris.
• December 8 – Madame du Barry is executed.
• December 9 – New York City's first daily newspaper, the American Minerva, is established by Noah Webster.
• December 18 – French forces under Dugommier capture Toulon from royalists and British forces under Vice Admiral Lord Hood. The British fire the dockyards and take 16 ships, one of which, the Lutine, becomes a famous treasure ship.
• December 23 – War in the Vendée (French Revolution): Battle of Savenay – A Republican force decisively defeats the counterrevolutionary Catholic and Royal Army, ending the Virée de Galerne.

Undated

• The First Coalition against France is formed during the year by Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, Spain, Portugal, the Holy Roman Empire, Naples and Tuscany.
• Dominique Jean Larrey, chief surgeon of the French Revolutionary Army, creates the first battlefield "flying ambulance" service.
• British troops invade the island of Saint-Domingue (modern-day Haiti) to suppress a slave rebellion but are forced to withdraw by disease and the army of Toussaint Louverture.^[3]
• The Al Bu Falah move to Abu Dhabi.
• The first year of regular production begins for the United States Mint and the half cent is minted for the first time.
• Niccolò Paganini debuts as a violin virtuoso at age 11 in Genoa.

Births

Ferdinand I of Austria

• January 3 – Lucretia Mott, American women's rights activist and abolitionist (d. 1880)
• January 11 – Johanna Stegen, German heroine (d. 1842)
• January 14 – John C. Clark, American politician (d. 1852)
• March 2 – Sam Houston, American President of the Republic of Texas (d. 1863)
• March 3 – William Macready, English actor (d. 1873)
• March 4 – Karl Lachmann, German philologist (d. 1851)
• March 6 – William Dick, Scottish veterinarian, founder of Edinburgh Veterinary College (d. 1866)
• April 8 – Karl Ludwig Hencke, German astronomer (d. 1866)
• April 19 – Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria (d. 1875)
• June 1 – Augustus Earle, English artist (d. 1838)
• June 6 – Edward C. Delavan, American temperance movement leader (d. 1871)
• June 29 – Josef Ressel, German Bohemian inventor (d. 1857)
• July 15 – Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps, American educator and British science writer (d. 1884)
• August 19 – Barthélemy Thimonnier, French inventor (d. 1857)
• September 25 – Felicia Hemans, British poet (d. 1835)
• November 3 – Stephen F. Austin, American pioneer (d. 1836)
• November 17 – Charles Lock Eastlake, English painter (d. 1865)
• Approximate date – Sarah Booth, English actress (d. 1867)

Deaths

Louis XVI of France

October 16: Marie Antoinette's execution

• January 26 – Francesco Guardi, Italian painter (b. 1712)
• January 21 – King Louis XVI of France (executed) (b. 1754)
• February 1 – William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington, British statesman (b. 1717)
• February 6 – Carlo Goldoni, Italian playwright (b. 1707)
• March 2 – Carl Gustaf Pilo, Swedish-born artist
• March 4 – Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre, French admiral (b. 1725)
• March 20 – William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield, Scottish judge and politician (b. 1705)
• March 26 – John Mudge, English physician and inventor (b. 1721)
• April 15 – Ignacije Szentmartony, Croatian Jesuit missionary and geographer (b. 1718)
• April 29
  • Yechezkel Landau, Polish rabbi and Talmudist (b. 1713)
  • John Michell, English scientist (b. 1724)
• May 3 – Martin Gerbert, German theologian and historian (b. 1720)
• May 7 – Pietro Nardini, Italian composer (b. 1722)
• May 18 – Timur Shah Durrani, ruler of the Durrani Empire (b. 1748)
• May 20 – Charles Bonnet, Swiss naturalist (b. 1720)
• June 26 – Gilbert White, English ornithologist (b. 1720)
• July 13 – Jean-Paul Marat, Swiss-born French Revolutionary leader (assassinated) (b. 1743)
• July 17 – Charlotte Corday, French assassin of Jean-Paul Marat (executed) (b. 1768)
• July 23 – Roger Sherman, American lawyer, signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1721)
• August 22 – Louis, 4th duc de Noailles, Marshal of France (b. 1713)
• August 28 – Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine, French general (executed) (b. 1740)
• October 7 – Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire, English politician (b. 1718)
• October 8 – John Hancock, American businessman and patriot, signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1737)
• October 9 – Jean Joseph Marie Amiot, French Jesuit missionary (b. 1718)
• October 16 – Marie Antoinette, Queen consort of France (executed) (b. 1755)
• October 31
  • Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud, French revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1744)
  • Claude Fauchet, French revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1754)
  • Armand Gensonné, French revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1758)
  • Jacques Pierre Brissot, French revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1754)
• November 3 – Olympe de Gouges, French playwright (executed) (b. 1748)
• November 6 – Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, French noble and revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1747)
• November 8 – Madame Roland, French Revolutionary hostess (executed) (b. 1754)
• November 10 – Jean-Marie Roland, vicomte de la Platière, French revolutionary leader (suicide) (b. 1734)
• November 12 – Jean Sylvain Bailly, French astronomer (b. 1736)
• November 24 – Clément Charles François de Laverdy, French statesman (executed) (b. 1723)
• November 29 – Antoine Barnave, French revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1761)
• December 4 – Armand de Kersaint, French revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1742)
• December 5 – Jean-Paul Rabaut Saint-Étienne French revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1743)
• December 7 – Joseph Bara, French Revolution child-hero (b. 1780)
• December 8
  • Étienne Clavière, French financier and politician (suicide) (b. 1735)
  • Madame du Barry, French courtesan (executed) (b. 1743)
• December 23 – Johann Adolph Hasse, German composer (b. 1699)
• date unknown – Eliza Lucas, American agronomist (b. 1722)

References