Close-mid central unrounded vowel
| Close-mid central unrounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɘ | |||
| ë | |||
| ɤ̈ | |||
| IPA number | 397 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) |
ɘ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0258 | ||
| X-SAMPA |
@\ | ||
| Kirshenbaum |
@<umd> | ||
| Braille |
  | ||
| |||
| Sound | |||
 source · help | |||
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The close-mid central unrounded vowel, or high-mid central unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɘ⟩. This is a mirrored letter e, and should not be confused with the schwa ⟨ə⟩, which is a turned e. It was added to the IPA in 1993; before that, this vowel was transcribed ⟨ë⟩ (Latin small letter e with umlaut, not Cyrillic small letter yo). Certain older sources[1] transcribe this vowel ⟨ɤ̈⟩.
The ⟨ɘ⟩ letter may be used with a lowering diacritic ⟨ɘ̞⟩, to denote the mid central unrounded vowel.
The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".
Features
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- Its vowel height is close-mid, also known as high-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel (a high vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Australian[2][3] | bird | [bɘːd] | 'bird' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɜː⟩. See Australian English phonology |
| Southern Michigan[4] | [bɘ˞ːd] | Rhotacized. | |||
| Cardiff[5] | foot | [fɘt] | 'foot' | Less often rounded [ɵ];[6] corresponds to [ʊ] in other dialects. See English phonology | |
| New Zealand[7] | bit | [bɘt] | 'bit' | Corresponds to /ɪ/ in other dialects. See English phonology | |
| Southern American[8] | nut | [nɘt] | 'nut' | Some dialects.[8] Corresponds to /ʌ/ in other dialects. See English phonology | |
| German | Standard[9] | bitte |  [ˈbɪtɘ] | 'please' | Also described as mid [ə].[10][11] See Standard German phonology |
| Irish | Munster[12] | sáile | [ˈsˠɰaːlʲɘ] | 'salt water' | Usually transcribed in IPA with [ɪ̽]. It is an allophone of /ə/ next to non-palatal slender consonants.[12] See Irish phonology |
| Jebero[13] | [ˈiʃɘk] | 'bat' | |||
| Kaingang[14] | [ˈᵐbɘ] | 'tail' | Varies between central [ɘ] and back [ɤ].[15] | ||
| Kazakh | тіл | [tɘl] | 'language' | ||
| Kensiu[16] | [ɟɘ˞h] | 'to trim' | Rhotacized; may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɚ⟩.[16] | ||
| Korean | 어른 | [ɘː.ɾɯn] | 'senior' | See Korean phonology. | |
| Lizu[17] | [Fkɘ] | 'eagle' | Allophone of /ə/ after velar stops.[17] | ||
| Mapudungun[18] | elün | [ë̝ˈlɘn] | 'to leave (something)' | ||
| Mongolian[19] | үсэр | [usɘɾɘ̆] | 'jump' | ||
| Mono[20] | dœ | [dɘ] | 'be (equative)' | May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.[20] | |
| Norman | acataer | [akatɘ] | 'to buy' | May be [u ~ o ~ e] depending on the region. In Jèrriais it's spelled aï and pronounced [aɪ]. | |
| Northern Qiang | Mawo dialect | [ɘ ʑu] | 'a pile' | ||
| Northern Tiwa | Taos dialect | [ˌpʼɒ̀ˑxɘ̄ˈɬɑ̄ːnæ] | 'star' | Allophone of /ɤ/. See Taos phonology | |
| Paicî | ?? | [kɘ̄ɾɘ̄] | 'spider' | ||
| Polish[21] | tymczasowy | [t̪ɘ̟mt͡ʂäˈs̪ɔvɘ̟] | 'temporary' | Somewhat fronted;[21] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɨ⟩. See Polish phonology | |
| Romanian | Moldavian dialects[22] | casă | [ˈkäsɘ] | 'house' | Corresponds to [ə] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
| Russian | Some speakers[23] | солнце | [ˈs̪o̞n̪t̪͡s̪ɘ] | 'sun' | Unstressed allophone of /ɨ/ after /t͡s/; other speakers realize it as near-close [ɨ̞].[23] See Russian phonology |
| Sama | Sibutu[24] | [miˈwɘːʔ] | 'lost' | Allophone of /ɨ/ in word-final stressed syllables before /ʔ/; can be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.[24] | |
| Shiwiar[25] | |||||
| Skolt Sami | vuõˊlǧǧem | [vʲuɘlɟ͡ʝːɛm] | 'I left' | ||
| Vietnamese[26] | vợ | [vɘ˨˩ˀ] | 'wife' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɤ⟩. See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Xumi | Upper[27] | [LPmɘ̃dɐ] | 'upstairs' | Nasalized; occurs only in this word.[27] It is realized as mid [ə̃] in Lower Xumi.[28] | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[29] | ne | [nɘ] | 'and' | Most common realization of /e/.[29] |
References
- ↑ For example Collins & Mees (1990).
- ↑ Cox (2006:?)
- ↑ Durie & Hajek (1994:?)
- ↑ Hillenbrand (2003:122)
- ↑ Collins & Mees (1990:93)
- ↑ Collins & Mees (1990:92)
- ↑ Bauer et al. (2007)
- 1 2 Roca & Johnson (1999:186)
- ↑ "John Wells's phonetic blog: ɘ". Retrieved 28 January 2016.
- ↑ Kohler (1999:87)
- ↑ Mangold (2005:37)
- 1 2 Ó Sé (2000)
- ↑ Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013:101)
- ↑ Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
- ↑ Jolkesky (2009:676 and 682)
- 1 2 Bishop (1996:230)
- 1 2 Chirkova & Chen (2013a:79)
- ↑ Sadowsky et al. (2013:92)
- ↑ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:62, 66–67)
- 1 2 Olson (2004:235)
- 1 2 Jassem (2003:105)
- ↑ Pop (1938), p. 29.
- 1 2 Jones & Ward (1969:38)
- 1 2 Allison (1979:198)
- ↑ Fast Mowitz (1975:2)
- ↑ Hoang (1965:24)
- 1 2 Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013:389)
- ↑ Chirkova & Chen (2013b:370)
- 1 2 Merrill (2008:109–110)
Bibliography
- Allison, E. Joseph (1979), "The phonology of Sibutu Sama: A language of the southern Philippines" (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics, 3 (2): 63–104
- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
- Bishop, Nancy (1996), "A preliminary description of Kensiu (Maniq) phonology" (PDF), Mon–Khmer Studies Journal, 25
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013a), "Lizu" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 75–86, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000242
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013b), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169
- Cox, F.M. (2006), "The acoustic characteristics of /hVd/ vowels in the speech of some Australian teenagers", Australian Journal of Linguistics, 26: 147–179, doi:10.1080/07268600600885494
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990), "The Phonetics of Cardiff English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard, English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 87–103, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
- Durie, M.; Hajek, J. (1994), "A revised standard phonemic orthography for Australian English vowels", Australian Journal of Linguistics, 14 (1): 93–107, doi:10.1080/07268609408599503
- Fast Mowitz, Gerhard (1975), Sistema fonológico del idioma achual, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano
- Hillenbrand, James M. (2003), "American English: Southern Michigan" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 121–126, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001221
- Hoang, Thi Quynh Hoa (1965), A phonological contrastive study of Vietnamese and English (PDF), Lubbock, Texas: Texas Technological College
- Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP, 3: 675–685
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-06736-7
- Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, ISBN 9783411040667
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Olson, Kenneth S. (2004), "Mono" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (02): 233–238, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001744
- Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 0-946452-97-0
- Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
- Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 0-631-21345-7
- Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369
- Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2013), "Shiwilu (Jebero)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 97–106, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000370
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